STOU Academic Journal of Research and Innovation (Humanities and Social Science)

The Principle of Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies: Consistency and Application in the Internal Administrative Appeal Process in Thailand

2025-07-26T10:05:22+07:00

This academic article aims to analyze the principle of exhaustion of administrative remedies in public law and compare it with the internal administrative appeal process under Thai law to assess their consistency. The exhaustion of administrative remedies principle plays a vital role in providing government agencies with the opportunity to review and correct their administrative orders before disputes are brought to court. This principle promotes a balance between state authority and individual rights, reduces the caseload of administrative courts, and enhances the efficiency of public administration. In Thailand, it is found that internal administrative appeals in certain cases are consistent with the exhaustion of administrative remedies principle. However, the Thai system remains relatively flexible and less stringent compared to systems in other countries, such as Germany, France, and Japan, where the exhaustion requirement is generally mandatory except in exceptional circumstances prescribed by law. The author suggests that Thailand should develop and strengthen its internal administrative appeal system to align more closely with international standards. Such improvement would enhance administrative efficiency, safeguard citizens' rights, and sustainably reduce the caseload of administrative courts in the long term.

Determining Sample Size in Qualitative Research: From Data Saturation to Theoretical Saturation

2026-04-19T21:33:16+07:00

Determining sample size in qualitative research is a critical methodological issue as it directly affects data depth, finding reliability, and academic credibility. This article explains the distinction between data saturation, which emphasizes content completeness, and theoretical saturation, which emphasizes sufficiency in explanation and theory development. It presents the concept of information power and a five-step operational framework, synthesized from contemporary literature by the authors, for systematic and accountable sample size planning and decision-making. The article identifies common methodological errors and proposes evidence-based solutions for contemporary practice. The goal is to elevate sample size determination from descriptive adequacy to explanatory adequacy with theoretical depth.

The State, the People, and Agricultural Structures and Patterns in Thailand, 1957–1996: A Historical Analysis through Institutional Political Economy

2026-04-19T22:11:58+07:00

This academic article has three objectives: 1) to examine changes in Thailand’s agricultural structures and patterns before and after the enactment of the Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives Act of 1966 (B.E. 2509); 2) to investigate the ways of thinking and adaptive strategies of Thai farmers from the late 1960s to the mid-1990s; and 3) to analyze the relationship between the state, the people, and agricultural structures and patterns in Thailand. The article employs the historical method to examine primary and secondary sources and interprets them through Thorstein Veblen’s institutional political economy, which views institutions as settled habits of thought that shape economic behavior. The findings show that the Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC) functioned as a national institution that used supervised credit to promote modern agriculture. Agricultural structures consequently shifted from household farming toward large-scale, market-oriented monocropping, while new production habits dependent on credit, external inputs, and market mechanisms took root. Over time, indebtedness and volatile crop prices fostered new ways of thinking at the individual level. A number of model farmers returned to household-based production grounded in local wisdom, and non-governmental organizations, scholars, and the mass media extended these ideas into a public alternative agriculture movement from the late 1980s onward.

Research and Guidelines for Developing Functional Competency for the Building Engineer Position: A Case Study of TTT Competency

2025-10-05T02:45:42+07:00

This research is a study of the development of specific competencies for engineers at TTT Company, a pseudonym, with the following objectives: 1) to determine specific competencies for the position of building engineer; 2) to determine the development of specific competencies for the position of building engineer at TTT Company. The results of the research are important to TTT Company and the industry as a whole because of the significant growth of high-rise buildings at present. This research is a qualitative study with key informants being executives and experts in positions related to construction and control of high-rise buildings, with 5 persons with at least 5 years of experience The researcher used in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The researcher used content analysis from the data obtained from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions to determine the competency model that the organization needs and summarize it as a guideline for developing specific competency in the position of building engineer at TTT Company.
The research results found that there are 7 specific competencies for building engineer positions that need to be developed as follows: 1) Competency in knowledge and skills in engineering 2) Competency in resource management 3) Competence in managing high-rise building engineering systems 4) Competence in important engineering systems in high-rise buildings 5) Competence in standard systems in engineering work 6) Competence in managing, following up, and inspecting maintenance of machinery and equipment within the building 7) Competence in applying technological knowledge to work using the 70:20:10 development model to increase competence.

An Integration of Teaching and Learning Management with Environmental Management through the Amazean Jungle Thailand Activity for Public Health Students

2026-02-11T21:02:00+07:00

This study on integrating teaching and learning management with environmental management through the Amazean Jungle Thailand activity for Public Health students aimed to: (1) examine the roles of stakeholders in food sanitation and community nuisance management in relation to the Amazean Jungle Thailand activity; and (2) synthesize guidelines for an integrated teaching and learning approach that uses community activities as a learning base to develop Public Health students’ competencies in sustainable environmental management. Purposive sampling was employed to recruit key informants. The student participants comprised 20 students enrolled in the Food Sanitation course and the Nuisances Management within the Community course. Data were collected through focus group discussions and participant observation during their engagement in the Amazean Jungle Thailand activity. In addition, six stakeholders relevant to food sanitation and community nuisance management were interviewed using in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive-analytic narrative analysis, and data trustworthiness was ensured through triangulation techniques.
The research findings revealed that: 1) The roles of stakeholders in food sanitation and community nuisance management in relation to the Amazean Jungle Thailand activity comprised the following dimensions: (1) roles in monitoring and preventing environmental and public health impacts. (2) roles in providing education and raising awareness. (3) roles in participation and coordination of collaboration among relevant sectors. (4) roles as sources of area-based and field-based learning and (5) roles in reflecting on outcomes and contributing to the sustainable development of the activity. 2) The integrated teaching and learning management approach using community activities as a learning base consisted of the following components: (1) utilizing real community activities as field-based classrooms. (2) employing reflection and critical learning as core pedagogical tools and (3) emphasizing experiential and participatory learning.

Development of Communication Innovation and Policy Recommendations on Cyberbullying Victimization among LGBTQ+ Youth

2026-04-19T20:35:34+07:00

This study aimed to: 1) examine the situations and forms of cyberbullying experienced by LGBTQ+ youth; 2) analyze the impacts of cyberbullying; 3) explore coping strategies and communication innovation needs among LGBTQ+ youth; 4) design, develop, pilot, and evaluate communication innovations; and 5) synthesize best practices and policy recommendations. The study was guided by two hypotheses: (1) the situations and forms of cyberbullying are associated with its impacts, and (2) coping strategies influence the communication innovation needs of LGBTQ+ youth. A four-phase Sequential Mixed Methods design was employed, consisting of in-depth interviews, a questionnaire survey, the development and evaluation of media innovations, and stakeholder interviews. The quantitative phase involved 400 participants. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis.
The findings revealed that 1) LGBTQ+ youth experienced cyberbullying in both school and online environments, particularly in the form of ridicule related to physical appearance, gender expression, and sexual identity. Most incidents were perpetrated by peers and reflected social norms that remain insufficiently accepting of gender diversity. 2) Cyberbullying negatively affected self-confidence, mental health, and social relationships. A statistically significant positive relationship was found between cyberbullying experiences and their impacts (r = .465, p < .001). 3) Participants employed various coping strategies, particularly the use of positive media and access to school-based support systems, which together explained 45.0% of the variance in communication innovation needs (R² = .450, p < .001). 4) Seven motion graphic animation videos developed through the study received a high overall satisfaction rating (Mean = 4.13) and demonstrated potential for implementation in school settings. 5) The synthesis of findings led to key policy recommendations, including the development of cyberbullying-free schools, the establishment of Safe Zones, the promotion of peer support systems, the integration of gender equality and digital safety into educational curricula, and the strengthening of collaborative mechanisms among schools, families, and relevant agencies.