The Effects of Ethiopian Investment Policy Implementation Process on Smallholders: Adama and Bosat Districts, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Published:
Aug 20, 2020
Keywords:
Adama and Bosat Oromia Ethiopia smallholders policy implementation process
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Abstract
This research explores investment policy implementation process’s effects on Ethiopian smallholders, its problems and solutions. International communities experience, related research conducted on the area, theories and models of policy implementation dealt with in conducting this study. Researchers applied quantitative methodology and used questionnaires for collecting data. The internal consistency reliability of the questionnaires recorded 0.789 and 0.927 Cronbach Alpha. The data is collected from 313 respondents selected out of 1475 total population by quota random sampling and analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statistics-frequency, percentage, mean, median and standard deviations.
The research findings show that effects of investment policy implementation process are: encouraging investor and expropriation (.000*), staffing (.001*), tax privilege (.011*), land tenure (.045*), and compensation (.048*). This exposed smallholders to high debt, low saving and income, poverty, bad livelihood change, unemployment, crime, health problems, human rights and identity violation, conflicts, protests and resistance, seizure of property and high food insecurity.
Results reveals that problems investment policy implementation process caused best solved making smallholders; shareholders, co-owner and co-founder for any projects/investments carried on their farm land, government conducts prior policy assessment, integrate them with government and investor in the policy implementation to attain the maximum social gain and achieve policy objectives.
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References
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Robertson, B., & Andersen, P. (2010). Global Land Acquisition: neo-colonialism or development opportunity? Food Security, 271-283.
Roh, K. A. (2012, 5 1). Challenges to Policy Implementation: An Examination of an Integrated Health Care Delivery System Demonstration Project. Saint Paul: Macalester College. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/poli_honors/38
Taro, Y. (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis. New York: Harper & Row .
Teshome, M. (2014). Population Growth and Cultivated Land in Rural Ethiopia: Land Use Dynamics, Access, Farm Size, and Fragmentation. Scientific & Academic Publishing, 148-161.
Theting, H., & Brekke, E. (2010). Land Investment or Land Grab? A Critical view from Tanzania and Mozambique. Oslo: Spire.
Van Meter, S., D., Van Horn, & E., C. (1975). The Policy Implementation Process. Sage Journal, 445-488.
Wiggins, S. (2009). Can the smallholder model deliver poverty reduction and food security for a rapidly growing population in Africa? Proceedings of the Expert Meeting on How to Feed the World in 2050 (pp. 457-476). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Economic and Social Development Department.
Wiggins, S., J.Kirsten, & Llambi, L. (2010). The Future of Small Farms. World Development, 1341-1348.
World Bank. (2010). Ethiopian Women Gain Status Through Landholding. Washington,Dc: World Bank.
Zoysa, R. D. (2013). The implications of large scale land acquisition on small landholder’s food security . London: UCL.
Araya, M. (2013). Effects of Large-scale agricultural investments on smallholder farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (Case study: Ethiopia) . Lund , Scania, Sweden.
Barret, S., & Fudge, C. (1981). Policy and Action: Essays on the implementation of public policy. London: Methuen.
Chapoto, A., Mabiso, A., & Bonsu, A. (2013). Agricultural Commercialization, Land Expansion, and Homegrown Large-Scale Farmers: Insights from Ghana. Washington D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Deininger, e. a., K.Deininger, D.Byerlee, J.Lindsay, A.Norton, H.Selod, & M.Stickler. (2011). Rising Global Interest in Farmland: Can it Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits? Washington, D.C: World Bank.
Demssie, M. G. (2013). Land Grabbing and Labour Relations: The Case of the Ben-ishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia. The Hague: International Institute of Social Studies.
Dye, T. R. (1987). Organizing Power for Policy Planning. The View from the Bookings Institute. Newbury park: Sage.
Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia . (1995, August 21). Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia Proclamation No.1/1995. Addis Ababa, Oromia, Ethiopia: Berhanena Selam Printing Press.
Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2003, February 9th). Investment Incentives and Investment Areas Reserved for Domestic Investors Council of Ministers Regulations No. 84/2003. Council of Ministers Regulations No. 84/2003 Council of Ministers Regulations on Investement incentives and Investement Areas Reserved for Domestic Investors. Addis Ababa, Oromia, Ethiopia: Birhanena Selam Press.
Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2005, July 15). Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation proclamation No. 455/2005. Addis Ababa, Oromia, Ethiopia: Berhanena Selam Printing Press.
Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2012, September 17th). Investment Proclamation No.769/2012. Proclamation No. 769/2012 A Proclamation on Investment . Addis Ababa, Oromia, Ethiopia: Berhanena Selam Printing Press.
Financial Times. (2016). The great land rush Ethiopia: The billionaire’s farm. Addis Ababa: Financial Times.
Gebresenbet, F. (2016). Land Acquisitions, the Politics of Dispossession, and State-Remaking in Gambella, Western Ethiopia . Sage, 5-28.
GRAIN. (2008, July 14). The 2008 land grab for food and finance security. Retrieved from https://www.grain.org/media/.../landgrab-2008-en-annex.pdf
Hedemann, P. (2011, November 23). Land-grabbing in Ethiopia: Legal lease or stolen soil?
Hill, M., & Hupe, P. (2002). Impelementing Public Policy: Governance in Theory and Practice. London: Sage.
International Fund for Agricultural Development. (2014). Investing in smallholder family farmers… for the future we want. Rome: IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development).
Jack, R., W.Bartley, H., & Gerald, J. (2007). Handbook of Public Administration 3rd. ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Keeley, J., M. Seide, W., Eid, A., & L. Kidewa, A. (2014). Large-scale land deals in Ethiopia: Scale, trends, features and outcomes to date. London : International Institute for Environment and Development.
Lipsky, M. (1980). Street Level Bureaucrats. New York: Russel Sage.
Lipsky, M. (1980). Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. Sage Journals, 116-116.
Liverpool-Tasie, L., & Winter-Nelson, A. (2010, 04 01). Poverty Status and Impact of Formal Credit on Technology Use and Wellbeing Among Ethiopian Smallholders. World Development, 38, 541-554. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.006
Maynard-Moody, S., & M.Musheno. (2003). Cops, Teacherss, Counselors: Stories from the Front Lines of Public Service. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
Maynard-Moody, S., & Musheno, M. (2000). State Agent or Citizen Agent: Two Narratitves of Discretion. Journal of Public Administion and Theory, 329-358.
Mazmanian, D., & Sabatier, P. (1983). Implementation and Public Policy. Palo Alto: Scott, Foresman.
Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. (2010, September). Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) 2010/11 – 2014/15. Addis Ababa, Oromia, Ethiopia.
Oakland Institute. (2011). Understanding Land Investment Deals in Africa. Oakland: The Oakland Institute .
Palumbo, D. J., & Calista, D. J. (1990). Implementation and the Policy Process Opening Up the Black Box. New York: GreenWood Press.
Pressman, J. L., & Wildavsky, A. B. (1973). Implementation. Canadian Journal of Political Science, xviii, 182.
Pressman, J., & Wildavsky, A. (1984). Implementation 3rd ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Rahmato, D. (2011). LAND TO INVESTORS: Large-Scale Land Transfers in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Forum for Social Justice .
Robertson, B., & Andersen, P. (2010). Global Land Acquisition: neo-colonialism or development opportunity? Food Security, 271-283.
Roh, K. A. (2012, 5 1). Challenges to Policy Implementation: An Examination of an Integrated Health Care Delivery System Demonstration Project. Saint Paul: Macalester College. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/poli_honors/38
Taro, Y. (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis. New York: Harper & Row .
Teshome, M. (2014). Population Growth and Cultivated Land in Rural Ethiopia: Land Use Dynamics, Access, Farm Size, and Fragmentation. Scientific & Academic Publishing, 148-161.
Theting, H., & Brekke, E. (2010). Land Investment or Land Grab? A Critical view from Tanzania and Mozambique. Oslo: Spire.
Van Meter, S., D., Van Horn, & E., C. (1975). The Policy Implementation Process. Sage Journal, 445-488.
Wiggins, S. (2009). Can the smallholder model deliver poverty reduction and food security for a rapidly growing population in Africa? Proceedings of the Expert Meeting on How to Feed the World in 2050 (pp. 457-476). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Economic and Social Development Department.
Wiggins, S., J.Kirsten, & Llambi, L. (2010). The Future of Small Farms. World Development, 1341-1348.
World Bank. (2010). Ethiopian Women Gain Status Through Landholding. Washington,Dc: World Bank.
Zoysa, R. D. (2013). The implications of large scale land acquisition on small landholder’s food security . London: UCL.