Maritime Technology and Research

Analysis of the maritime network and ports in Vietnam

2026-03-18T09:16:01+07:00

This study investigates the structure and connectivity of Vietnam’s maritime network using Complex Network Analysis. The analysis is based on scheduled liner shipping service data obtained from the Vietnam Shipping Gazette for June 2023, covering services operated by 32 international shipping companies. A weighted maritime network consisting of 75 seaports and 146 shipping routes is constructed, in which ports are represented as nodes, shipping routes as links, and sailing frequency as link weights. Network-level metrics, including network density, average clustering coefficient, and average shortest path length, together with port-level degree, betweenness, and strength centrality measures, are applied to evaluate network structure and port roles. The results show that Vietnam’s maritime network is sparse and highly centralized, with Ho Chi Minh and Hai Phong acting as dominant gateway hubs. Low network density and clustering, combined with a long average path length, indicate limited redundancy and strong hub dependence, suggesting structural vulnerability to disruptions. The findings provide a quantitative basis for assessing maritime network performance and resilience in emerging maritime economies.

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APA Style:
Kanrak, M., Keawphinuek, S., Lohapan, N., & Zhou, J. (2026). Analysis of the maritime network and ports in Vietnam. Maritime Technology and Research, 8(3), 285046. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285046

MDPI Style:
Kanrak, M.; Keawphinuek, S.; Lohapan, N.; Zhou, J. Analysis of the maritime network and ports in Vietnam. Marit. Technol. Res. 2026, 8, 285046. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285046

Vancouver Style:
Kanrak M, Keawphinuek S, Lohapan N, Zhou J. (2026). Analysis of the maritime network and ports in Vietnam. Marit. Technol. Res. 8(3):285046. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285046

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Highlights

Network is highly centralised, dominated by Ho Chi Minh and Hai Phong gateway hubs.
Low density, minimal clustering, and long path length indicate structural vulnerability.
Weighted network constructed using scheduled liner shipping frequency data.
Integrates network metrics to assess connectivity, hierarchy, and system resilience.
Provides policy-relevant insights for improving connectivity and reducing hub dependence.

Converting training ships into pioneer ships: A policy for regional equity

2026-01-31T23:04:08+07:00

Maritime transportation serves to support inter-island connectivity within an extensive archipelagic region. Pioneer ships are expected to reach remote, frontier, underdeveloped, and border areas according to the routes needed by communities. Although there are many requests for pioneer ship routes that need evaluation, this situation has been addressed by the Directorate of Sea Transportation by maximizing the function and duties of training ships as educational tools for prospective maritime officers into asset utilization as pioneer ships for public service activities. The purpose of this research is to analyze problem-oriented policies to determine their utilization level and appropriate problem mapping, then formulate effective strategies to support the sustainability of these policies. A descriptive qualitative method was employed to describe in detail the implementation of policies that have been ongoing since 2022, based on Indonesia’s transportation framework Sistem Transportasi Nasional (SISTRANAS), for 7 converted ships. IPA quadrant was employed to detect service users' perceptions of providers and operators, and strategy formulation used SWOT analysis, supported by the results of discussion forums involving policymakers, experts, and service users. The analysis revealed that the indicators of accessibility, security, perceived benefits, operational smoothness, and pollution were classified as low priority. Conversely, the indicators of quality, service tariffs, punctuality, safety, regularity, travel speed, and efficiency were categorized as overutilized, with capacity identified as the only indicator demonstrating consistent performance. The positioning in Quadrant I, reflected by a positive vector score (x = 2.00; y = 1.98), indicates that a more assertive strategy is required, focusing on the optimization of existing facilities, and supported by clear regulatory frameworks that ensure equitable benefits for all stakeholders.

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APA Style:
Mafrisal, Rahman, F. A., Putri, I. A., Mallisa, S. V., & Arleiny. (2026). Converting training ships into pioneer ships: A policy for regional equity. Maritime Technology and Research, 8(3), 285338. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285338

MDPI Style:
Mafrisal; Rahman, F. A.; Putri, I. A.; Mallisa, S. V.; Arleiny. Converting training ships into pioneer ships: A policy for regional equity. Marit. Technol. Res. 2026, 8, 285338. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285338

Vancouver Style:
Mafrisal, Rahman FA, Putri IA, Mallisa SV, Arleiny. (2026). Converting training ships into pioneer ships: A policy for regional equity. Marit. Technol. Res. 8(3):285338. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285338

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Highlights

The conversion of seven maritime training vessels into pioneer ships as a national policy for equitable public service has not been comprehensively studied.
Island and remote regions are highly vulnerable to economic growth disruptions, making this governmental intervention both timely and accurate.
By integrating National Transportation System indicators with user assessment and strategic formulation, this study proposes a problem-oriented policy framework.
⁠An assessment of 13 public service indicators shows that the converted ships achieve the highest performance scores despite being training vessels.
⁠The study highlights that human resource competency transformation and compliance with STCW and ISM Code are key determinants of policy success.

Morphodynamic classification and coastal structure interactions in monsoonal coastal systems: Implications for sustainable coastal management

2026-03-27T23:32:59+07:00

Coastal erosion has intensified coastal hazards, prompting widespread use of coastal protection structures to mitigate it. While effective, these interventions can alter natural shoreline dynamics, leading to unintended degradation. This study aims to advance understanding of beach morphodynamics under structural influence within monsoonal coastal systems. Field measurements of beach morphology and sediment characteristics were conducted across six sites during peak monsoon season, complemented by hydrodynamic simulations using MIKE 21-SW. Findings reveal distinct morphodynamic states between high-energy and low-energy environments. Energetic sites with coarser sediments and steep beach slope correspond to intermediate beach states, whereas calmer sites with finer sediments and gentle beach slope align with dissipative beach states. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by critically exploring the relationship between beach morphodynamics and coastal protection design discourse by cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. Three main beach groups were identified, reflecting varying natural dynamics and designs of coastal structure. Importantly, the study emphasizes the need for region-specific management strategies, prioritising conservation in dynamic intermediate beaches and restoration in structurally constrained dissipative beaches. The research offers a repeatable and adaptable framework for assessing coastal systems shaped by both natural processes and human interventions, as well as supporting sustainable and site-specific coastal management.

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APA Style:
Ismailluddin, A., Nasir, F., Yun, L. S., Zainuddin, S. N. H., Razali, M. R., Ramli, M. Z., Abdullah, M. A., & Ariffin, E. H. (2026). Morphodynamic classification and coastal structure interactions in monsoonal coastal systems: Implications for sustainable coastal management. Maritime Technology and Research, 8(3), 285742. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285742

MDPI Style:
Ismailluddin, A.; Nasir, F.; Yun, L. S.; Zainuddin, S. N. H.; Razali, M. R.; Ramli, M. Z.; Abdullah, M. A.; Ariffin, E. H. Morphodynamic classification and coastal structure interactions in monsoonal coastal systems: Implications for sustainable coastal management. Marit. Technol. Res. 2026, 8, 285742. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285742

Vancouver Style:
Ismailluddin A, Nasir F, Yun LS, Zainuddin SNH, Razali MR, Ramli MZ, Abdullah MA, Ariffin EH. (2026). Morphodynamic classification and coastal structure interactions in monsoonal coastal systems: Implications for sustainable coastal management. Marit. Technol. Res. 8(3):285742. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285742

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Highlights

Developed beach morphodynamic classification framework revealed a key indicator for site-specific beach states under varying hydrodynamic conditions and beach morphology.
Cluster analysis and MDS ordination introduced an adaptable framework that integrates beach morphodynamic and anthropogenic influences to address novelty in traditional beach classifications.
Intermediate beaches require conservation focused measures, while dissipative beaches need structural or restorative interventions.

Psychopedagogical features of the formation of stress resilience of future seafarers: Readiness to overcome the challenges of life activity at sea

2025-12-28T09:50:29+07:00

This research aims to define and substantiate the core psychopedagogical features comprising specific content, methods, and criteria that are essential for effectively integrating stress resilience training into the professional curricula of future seafarers. A number of adapted psychodiagnostic methods were used to address the tasks related to the stress resilience of future seafarers: 1) Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC); 2) Perceived Stress Scale (PSS); 3) authors’ questionnaires “Resilience of future seafarers” and “Readiness to overcome stress situations while working at sea”. It was identified that future seafarers’ stress resilience is not only a personal trait but is also heavily influenced by the special conditions of their professional environment. Three most significant factors were identified: 1) the extremity of the profession (the possibility of emergency situations and the need for quick decision-making); 2) communication in a limited space (avoidance and resolution of conflict situations, lack of access to the Internet and other means of communication); 3) physical living conditions (limitation of personal space).

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Cite this article:

APA Style:
Tyron, O., Hatsenko, L., & Kaminska, S. (2026). Psychopedagogical features of the formation of stress resilience of future seafarers: Readiness to overcome the challenges of life activity at sea. Maritime Technology and Research, 8(3), 284350. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.284350

MDPI Style:
Tyron, O.; Hatsenko, L.; Kaminska, S. Psychopedagogical features of the formation of stress resilience of future seafarers: Readiness to overcome the challenges of life activity at sea. Marit. Technol. Res. 2026, 8, 284350. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.284350

Vancouver Style:
Tyron O, Hatsenko L, Kaminska S. (2026). Psychopedagogical features of the formation of stress resilience of future seafarers: Readiness to overcome the challenges of life activity at sea. Marit. Technol. Res. 8(3):284350. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.284350

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Highlights

Stress resilience in future seafarers is conceptualized as a multidimensional construct, integrating general and profession-specific components.
The expression of resilience is shaped by occupational maritime conditions, extending beyond general psychological traits.
Adaptive functioning in future seafarers coexists with vulnerability to uncertainty and isolation.
Stress resilience emerges from the interaction of personal psychological resources and professional context.
Three core stress domains underpin resilience development: occupational extremes, communication in confined environments, and physical living conditions.

Cruise/Passenger ship evacuation: A human-centered evaluation for improvement

2026-03-26T10:08:26+07:00

This paper investigates the complex and multidimensional challenges affecting the efficiency of emergency evacuations onboard cruise/passenger ships. Despite the existence of a comprehensive regulatory framework established by the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), which prescribes mandatory training activities, time-bound evacuation requirements, and strict technical safety standards, real-life experiences and a number of maritime incidents continue to expose critical deficiencies. Based on the comparison of literature review results with qualitative data gathered from surveys, semi-structured interviews among seafarers, and an onboard observation study, this research effort explores the human, organizational, and design-related attributes that inhibit timely and efficient evacuations. Analytical results have uncovered profound skepticism among seafarers around the feasibility of evacuating large cruise/passenger vessels within the established 30-minute regulatory timeframe, citing shortcomings in training, lack of psychological preparedness, and coordination/communication difficulties, particularly under stressful situations. The human element emerges as a very influential actor, with cognitive denial and poor safety culture frequently delaying effective responses during emergency situations. Recommendations deriving from seafarers themselves support (among others) the adoption of enhanced psychological training and better utilization of crews’ working language, as well as increased manning levels; future integration of evacuation technologies based on ethical standards also stands out. Improvements in emergency evacuation safety aboard cruise/passenger ships depend on the integration of seafarers’ practical experiences into both policy development and operational activities, opening the way towards fostering a proactive, human-centered safety culture throughout the concerned shipping sectors.

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APA Style:
Andreadakis, A., Dalaklis, D., & Blaisdell, A. (2026). Cruise/Passenger ship evacuation: A human-centered evaluation for improvement. Maritime Technology and Research, 8(3), 285838. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285838

MDPI Style:
Andreadakis, A.; Dalaklis, D.; Blaisdell, A. Cruise/Passenger ship evacuation: A human-centered evaluation for improvement. Marit. Technol. Res. 2026, 8, 285838. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285838

Vancouver Style:
Andreadakis A, Dalaklis D, Blaisdell A. (2026). Cruise/Passenger ship evacuation: A human-centered evaluation for improvement. Marit. Technol. Res. 8(3):285838. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285838

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Highlights

Cruise/Passenger Ship Evacuation inefficiencies persist despite SOLAS/STCW compliance, primarily due to human, organizational, and psychological factors rather than purely technical or design limitations.
Seafarers express strong skepticism about achieving the 30-minute evacuation requirement on large passenger vessels, highlighting discrepancies between regulatory expectations and real-world operational conditions.
Training deficiencies, fatigue, inconsistent standards, and drill limitations undermine crew preparedness, revealing a gap between formal compliance and effective emergency performance.
Human behavior, including cognitive denial, panic, and communication failures, is identified as the most critical and unpredictable factor influencing evacuation outcomes.
Enhancing safety culture, psychological training, crew coordination, and integrating ethical technological solutions are essential for improving evacuation efficiency and reducing casualties.

Nearshore floating solar photovoltaic systems: A review

2026-03-07T17:07:46+07:00

The critical necessity of a global energy transition to a low-carbon energy mix underlines the importance of developing innovative renewable energy options that simultaneously meet energy and environmental concerns. Nearshore floating solar photovoltaic systems (N-FPVs) have been identified as a state-of-the-art renewable energy option that can increase solar photovoltaic energy while simultaneously improving coastal resilience challenges. The N-FPV approach uses photovoltaic panels on floating structures in sheltered marine environments, eliminating land use conflicts and using water-based cooling to increase efficiency while simultaneously improving responses to coastal resilience challenges due to climate change. In accordance with the ROSES approach to systematic evidence synthesis and reporting, this study uses a broad array of literature sources using the Scopus, Web of Science, and Dimensions databases. Thematic analysis of the literature on N-FPVs identifies three main themes: floating solar systems, coastal resilience and the low-carbon energy transition, and mooring systems and platform design. Compared to land-based solar photovoltaic systems, N-FPVs have higher upfront costs, with a competitive levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) between 271 and 703 USD/MWh (250 to 650 EUR/MWh) based on latitude and exposure, and potential hybridization with other marine energy systems. In addition, despite the lack of information on long-term ecological effects and hydrodynamic interactions, this study provides evidence that N-FPVs are not only a technological innovation but simultaneously a socio-environmental strategy that is integral to the global energy transition to a low-carbon energy mix.

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APA Style:
Ruttanawijit, K., & Tiaple, Y. (2026). Nearshore floating solar photovoltaic systems: A review. Maritime Technology and Research, 8(3), 284864. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.284864

MDPI Style:
Ruttanawijit, K.; Tiaple, Y. Nearshore floating solar photovoltaic systems: A review. Marit. Technol. Res. 2026, 8, 284864. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.284864

Vancouver Style:
Ruttanawijit K, Tiaple Y. (2026). Nearshore floating solar photovoltaic systems: A review. Marit. Technol. Res. 8(3):284864. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.284864

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Highlights

First integrated systematic review of nearshore floating photovoltaic systems.
Synthesizes 33 studies via ROSES methodology with cross-study thematic analysis.
Hybrid moorings reduce peak tensions by 38 % over conventional catenary systems.
Identifies critical gaps in field validation, design codes, and grid integration.

Current situation and challenge of maritime patient transfer system in archipelagic province

2026-02-03T18:25:51+07:00

The demand for maritime patient transfer (MPT) has recently increased in Samui District, Thailand; however, no formal documentation maritime patient transfer system (MPTS) currently exists. This study aimed to assess the existing MPT operations and provide recommendations for system development. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to November 2025 across all 15 organizations involved in MPT. Researchers collected data, observed the transfer procedure, and surveyed the ports and vessels. Of 140 personnel from district hospitals, 121 participated (86.43 %), alongside all 42 representatives from other organizations. MPT is currently conducted independently by hospitals, with Samui Hospital serving as the primary transfer facility. None of the participating organizations reported having formal MPT protocols or standardized ambulance boats. Awareness of core MPTS components was limited. At Samui Hospital, respondents showed general awareness, but limited understanding, of the MPTS. Prior transfer experience was associated with higher knowledge of procedures, guidelines, systems, and safety equipment (all p ≤ 0.008), yet lower confidence in on-board emergency patient evacuation (p < 0.001). Among involved organizations, experienced representatives were more likely to recognize their organizational role in the district MPT system (p < 0.001) and to understand the organizational MPT concept than those without experience (p ≤ 0.031). Key challenges included the absence of an integrated system, unclear organizational responsibilities, and workforce and training limitations. The study recommends establishing a district-wide MPTS with a dedicated Operation Center to provide consultation, operational support, transfer monitoring, and rescue coordination. A preliminary MPTS model was collaboratively developed with key organizational representatives and presented during stakeholder consultations in Samui District. Subsequent engagement with Koh Phangan Hospital expanded the model’s application to both Samui and Phangan Districts. Feedback from both districts was consolidated, refined, and endorsed by stakeholders. Sustainable MPT in island settings requires standardized ambulance boats, regulatory frameworks for operator training and certification, and structured educational programs. The proposed system is feasible and scalable due to reliance on existing budgets and personnel. It may be applicable to other archipelagic provinces, given their comparable healthcare infrastructure and maritime patient transferring.

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APA Style:
Thaikruea, L., Suwantap, J., & Engkapasakorn, M. (2026). Current situation and challenge of maritime patient transfer system in archipelagic province. Maritime Technology and Research, 8(3), 284906. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.284906

MDPI Style:
Thaikruea, L.; Suwantap, J.; Engkapasakorn, M. Current situation and challenge of maritime patient transfer system in archipelagic province. Marit. Technol. Res. 2026, 8, 284906. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.284906

Vancouver Style:
Thaikruea L, Suwantap J, Engkapasakorn M. (2026). Current situation and challenge of maritime patient transfer system in archipelagic province. Marit. Technol. Res. 8(3):284906. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.284906

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Highlights

This pioneering study provides the first comprehensive assessment of maritime patient transfer system (MPTS) in Samui District of archipelagic province where current practices remain fragmented, hospital-dependent, and constrained by the absence of formal protocols, standardized ambulance boats, and adequately trained personnel.
Through extensive data collection and full stakeholder participation, it generated critical insights into key challenges, gaps and opportunities. The findings establish an evidence-based for a prototype MPTS and contribute valuable information for the development of a standardized, nationally endorsed framework for MPT across Thailand.

Biomass and carbon stock in restored mangrove forests: Evidence from Indonesia

2026-03-20T17:00:37+07:00

Mangrove restoration is widely recognized as a nature-based solution for enhancing blue carbon storage and mitigating climate change. However, quantitative assessments of biomass and carbon recovery in restored mangrove systems remain limited, particularly in Indonesia's ecotourism landscapes. This study evaluated aboveground and belowground biomass and associated carbon stocks in rehabilitated mangrove stands in the Balang Baru Ecotourism Area, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi. Field measurements were conducted in April 2025 across five sampling stations, with 15 nested plots. Tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and height were recorded for all individuals with DBH ≥ 5 cm. Aboveground biomass (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB) were estimated using allometric equations, and carbon stocks were derived using standard biomass-to-carbon conversion factors. The results indicated substantial biomass accumulation in the restored mangrove stands. Mean AGB and BGB were estimated at 95.20 Mg ha⁻¹ and 41.23 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. Corresponding carbon stocks averaged 45.70 Mg C ha⁻¹ for aboveground carbon (AGC) and 16.08 Mg C ha⁻¹ for belowground carbon (BGC). Biomass and carbon stocks varied spatially among stations, with the highest values recorded at Station 5 (AGB: 126.19 Mg ha⁻¹) and the lowest at Station 4 (AGB: 67.30 Mg ha⁻¹). However, one-way ANOVA showed no statistically significant differences among stations (p > 0.05), indicating relatively comparable biomass recovery across the rehabilitated area. These findings suggest that restored mangrove stands in Balang Baru have developed substantial biomass and carbon storage capacity despite their relatively young age. The results highlight the potential contribution of community-based mangrove restoration to blue carbon initiatives and coastal ecosystem recovery. Continued long-term monitoring, along with the inclusion of soil organic carbon assessments, is recommended to obtain more comprehensive estimates of total carbon storage in restored mangrove ecosystems.

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APA Style:
Jalil, A. R., Malik, A., Syafiuddin, Mustafa, M. D., Malik, M. D. H., Kamaruddin, M. A., & Harmawan, M. S. E. (2026). Biomass and carbon stock in restored mangrove forests: Evidence from Indonesia. Maritime Technology and Research, 8(3), 285016. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285016

MDPI Style:
Jalil, A. R.; Malik, A.; Syafiuddin; Mustafa, M. D.; Malik, M. D. H.; Kamaruddin, M. A.; Harmawan, M. S. E. Biomass and carbon stock in restored mangrove forests: Evidence from Indonesia. Marit. Technol. Res. 2026, 8, 285016. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285016

Vancouver Style:
Jalil AR, Malik A, Syafiuddin, Mustafa MD, Malik MDH, Kamaruddin MA, Harmawan MSE. (2026). Biomass and carbon stock in restored mangrove forests: Evidence from Indonesia. Marit. Technol. Res. 8(3):285016. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285016

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Highlights

Restored mangroves in Balang Baru demonstrate significant biomass recovery.
AGB reached 20 ± 10.56 Mg ha⁻¹ and BGB 41.23 ± 3.83 Mg ha⁻¹.
Carbon stocks averaged 70 ± 5.07 Mg C ha⁻¹ (AGC) and 16.08 ± 1.49 Mg C ha⁻¹ (BGC).
Biomass distribution among stations showed no significant differences.
Restored mangroves contribute to blue carbon and climate mitigation.