Journal of the Philosophy and Religion Society of Thailand

The Rise of Anxiety in Porn Generated by Artificial Intelligence

Piroon Chirawibulrat — 2025-06-30

This research concerns the rise of social anxiety from generative artificial intelligence in the creation of pornography. The main idea to understand the nature of pornography is a secret that is concealed and untold in society. However, it remains undeniable because it is a part of human sexual drive. Society is concerned over pornography when it becomes increasingly accessible to the public, leading to various acts to control its presence. The advent of the internet and artificial intelligence has transformed the way pornography is created and produced into more subjective than before. Generative AI fundamentally disrupts the past of pornography production. A key issue is, on one hand, the use of generative AI operates are within the realm of private thought, while on the other hand, its outputs—pornographic content—raise ethical concerns, particularly when real individuals are used as models without their consent. To adjust these concerns, a clear boundary must be established between private spaces, which should be protected under freedom of thought, and public spaces, where the state must intervene to regulate content. This ethical framework is essential to address the growing anxieties that stemming from the rapid evolution of technology.

On TOPOI : The Three Areas of Study as the Path to Ataraxia under Epictetus’s Prohairesis

Rutapol Petchbordee — 2025-06-30

The paper surveys concepts, purpose, and mechanisms of ‘The Three Areas of Study’ or ‘topoi’. According to Epictetus, the topoi, as the theory which is structured under the notion of Prohairesis as well as the Stoic ethical purpose, is believed to be both means and ends which could lead humans to the state of the ‘tranquility of the mind’ or ‘ataraxia’. The three areas respectively include the 1^st topos : ‘orexis / ekklisis’ – or the area that the subject has to pay attention to what is called desire and aversion. The 2^nd topos : ‘horme / aphorme – or the area that the subject has to follow the motive which brings about appropriate actions and ignore the one which brings about inappropriate actions. Lastly the 3^rd topos : ‘synkatathesis’ – or the area that the subject must accept and assert the final conclusion with reason. Nevertheless, the paper still leaves the questions on the 3^rd topos (or the third area of study) whether it may somehow cause any contradictions or give unreasonable explanations within itself.

Keywords: topoi; Prohairesis; orexis; ekklisis; horme; aphorme; synkatathesis

Mead’s Notion of Collective Intentionality and Joint Intentional Action

Tatdanai Khomkhunsorn — 2025-06-30

สภาวะจิตเกาะเกี่ยวร่วม (collective intentionality) เป็นมโนทัศน์สำคัญอันหนึ่งในการทำความเข้าใจความเป็นจริงทางสังคมและปรากฏการณ์ของความเป็นกลุ่ม โดยบ่งถึงความสามารถทางจิตของปัจเจกที่จะมุ่งหมายหรือสัมพันธ์กับวัตถุสภาวการณ์ ประพจน์ หรือการกระทำในฐานะ ‘กลุ่ม’ (หรือในฐานะพวกเรา) บทความชิ้นนี้ศึกษามโนทัศน์เรื่องความตั้งใจกระทำการร่วม (joint intentional action) ซึ่งเป็นประเด็นย่อยอันหนึ่งในข้อถกเถียงเรื่องสภาวะจิตเกาะเกี่ยวร่วม และเป็นหนึ่งในปัญหาสำคัญที่มีการถกเถียงกันในภววิทยาสังคม ปรัชญาจิต และปรัชญาการกระทำ แนวทางและคำอธิบายแบบดั้งเดิมเกี่ยวกับความเข้าใจที่มีต่อมโนทัศน์ดังกล่าวสามารถแบ่งออกได้เป็นสามแนวทางของนักคิดสามคน ได้แก่ แนวทางแบบมุ่งเน้นเนื้อหา (content account) ของไมเคิล แบรทแมน แนวทางแบบมุ่งเน้นองค์ประธาน (subject account) ของมากาเร็ตกิลเบอร์ต และแนวทางแบบมุ่งเน้นรูปแบบทางจิต (mode account) ของจอห์น เซิร์ล บทความชิ้นนี้มุ่งถกเถียงว่าทั้งสามแนวทางต่างเผชิญข้อท้าทายเชิงทฤษฎีบางประการ กล่าวคือ สองแนวทางแรกเผชิญปัญหาเรื่องการให้คำอธิบายเป็นวงกลมส่วนแนวทางที่สามเผชิญปัญหาเรื่องการเข้าใจธรรมชาติของสภาวะจิตเกาะเกี่ยวแบบภายในนิยมที่ขาดมิติเชิงความสัมพันธ์ จากนั้นบทความนี้เสนอทางเลือกคำอธิบายใหม่โดยอาศัยแนวคิดของจอร์จ เฮอเบิร์ต มี้ดเรื่องตัวตนทางสังคมซึ่งสามารถหลีกเลี่ยงปัญหาและให้คำอธิบายปรากฏการณ์ความตั้งใจกระทำการร่วมได้ดีกว่าแนวทางที่ผ่านมา

Collective intentionality is a key concept in understanding social reality and group phenomena. It refers to the mental capacity of individuals to direct and relate to objects, states of affairs, propositions, or goals as a ‘group’ (we). This paper examines the concept of joint intentional action, a specific issue within the broader debate on collective intentionality, which is a central topic in social ontology, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of action. Traditional accounts of joint intentional action can be categorized into three main approaches: Michael Bratman’s content account, Margaret Gilbert’s subject account, and John Searle’s mode account. This paper argues that all three approaches face certain theoretical challenges: the first two encounter the circularity problem, while the third, due to its internalist perspective, lacks an adequate relational dimension in its understanding of collective intentionality. As an alternative, this paper draws on George Herbert Mead’s notion of the social self to provide a more comprehensive explanation of joint intentional action that avoids these issues and better accounts for the phenomenon.

Concepts of Gender Affirming Surgery, Anattā, and Kamma

Hanh Huynh Thi My — 2025-06-30

The thesis of this paper is that gender-affirming surgery is against the concept of anattā (non-self) and interferes in the karmic process. The argument is grounded in the belief that the pursuit of a particular gender identity and the desire to alter one's physical form to align with that identity are manifestations of attachment and identification with the physical body. Both of these are inconsistent with the central Buddhist teachings of impermanence and non-self. Additionally, the actions undertaken to achieve gender-affirming surgery involve the performance of medical procedures that modify the physical body, potentially disrupting the natural course of kamma. While the practice of gender-affirming surgery may be motivated by compassion and a desire for an individual to align their body with their gender identity, these factors do not negate the potential spiritual consequences of interference in the karmic process from past actions.

Keywords: Gender-affirming surgery, anattā, kamma.

Democratic Peace and International Security in 21st Century

Hassachai Mangkang — 2025-06-30

Three decades into the twenty-first century seems to be a chaotic and desperate moment of international peace and security. Terrorists and rising regional hegemons with different visions of the new order have threatened the liberal international order, gradually established after the Cold War, with the global war on terror, China’s rise, and the war in Ukraine. More countries in the 21st century are becoming less receptive to democracy and democratic peace theory. In this paper, I question whether it is true that the liberal international order is declining. By tracing back to the origin of democratic peace theory in Immanuel Kant’s “Perpetual Peace” essay, I argue that democracy and democratic peace theory have developed their solid roots in global politics more than any other political theories have.

Ontology of Consciousness and Embodied Consciousness in Miki Kiyoshi's Logic of Imagination

Sarayuddha Lhaspajchimanandh — 2025-06-30

This article studies Miki Kiyoshi's logic of imagination, with the aim of analyzing the concept of embodied consciousness in his philosophical view. It connects Japanese philosophy, as an Eastern philosophy, with debates in Western philosophy. The findings reveal that Miki emphasizes the unity of mind and body, viewing them as one entity. He integrates subjective and objective perspectives by combining rational thinking and emotional perception in the same paradigm. Thus, Miki's logic of imagination aligns with the theory of embodied consciousness in the enactivism, which explains how mind and body function together. Additionally, it serves as a approach to understanding social and cultural phenomena related to the reality of life from an ontological perspective.