socialism/postsocialism: a review of conceptual framework and comparative ethnography
Vipas Prachyaporn
Abstract
This article presents a review discussion on analytical concepts and ethnographic studies of socialism and postsocialism. Firstly, it discusses main arguments on the “theory” of socialism and its implication on socialist transformation and consequences. Secondly, it summarizes key issues from comparative ethnography of socio-economic changes in the former Soviet Union and Eastern European socialist states and (post)socialist countries in Asia. Thirdly, it draws from anthropological approaches to “suzhi” as discursive practices of “quality” in (post)socialist China and discusses how this offers an insight to the idea of personhood in contemporary societies. It also suggests that this at the same time offers a compelling perspective to the understanding of neoliberalism. Finally, the author proposes that, particularly for those with focuses on Thailand’s neighbours where socialism persists as official state ideology, comparative ethnography of socialism and postsocialism can contribute to the development of research questions and analytical concepts which recognizes the complexities and contingencies of both local and regional transformation.
References
เอกสารภาษาไทย
นฤพนธ์ ด้วงวิเศษ, บรรณาธิการ. 2557. ชาติพันธุ์กับเสรีนิยมใหม่. กรุงเทพฯ: ศูนย์-มานุษยวิทยาสิรินธร (องค์การมหาชน).
จามะรี เชียงทอง. 2554. จากมาร์กซิสม์ถึงเสรีนิยมใหม่: การสร้างชนบทลาวในโลก สมัยใหม่และ “การพัฒนา” ในสี่เหลี่ยมเศรษฐกิจ. เชียงใหม่: ศูนย์วิจัยและบริการวิชาการ คณะสังคมศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่.
ยศ สันตสมบัติ. 2557. “ชาติพันธุ์ใต้บงการเสรีนิยมใหม่.” ปาฐกถาพิเศษในงานประชุมทางมานุษยวิทยา “เสียงแห่งชาติพันธุ์ในโลกเสรีนิยมใหม่” ศูนย์มานุษยวิทยาสิรินธร (องค์การมหาชน), กรุงเทพฯ, 28 กันยายน.
พฤกษ์ เถาถวิล และ สุธีร์ สาตราคม. 2554. “MOU การจ้างแรงงานข้ามชาติ เสรีนิยมใหม่ การคุ้มครองแรงงาน และการปรับยุทธศาสตร์การกำกับควบคุมของรัฐ.” วารสารสังคมลุ่มนํ้าโขง 7(3): 1-26.
ยศ สันตสมบัติ. 2557. มังกรหลากสี: การขยายอิทธิพลเหนือดินแดนและพันธกิจเผยแผ่อารยธรรมในอุษาคเนย์. เชียงใหม่: ศูนย์ศึกษาความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพและภูมิปัญญาท้องถิ่นเพื่อการพัฒนาอย่างยั่งยืน คณะสังคมศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่.
ชยันต์ วรรธนะภูติ และ สร้อยมาศ รุ่งมณี, บรรณาธิการ. 2558. ยาดแย่ง การพัฒนาและความทันสมัยในลาว. เชียงใหม่: ศูนย์อาเซียนศึกษา มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่.
ศิลปกิจ ตี่ขันติกุล. 2546. หุ่นน้ำเวียดนาม. เชียงใหม่: กองทุนอินทร์-สมเพื่อการวิจัยทางมานุษยวิทยา.
เอกสารภาษาอังกฤษ
Anagnost, Ann. 2004. “The Corporeal Politics of Quality (Suzhi).” Public Culture 16: 189-208.
Bahro, Rudolf. 1978. The Alternative in Eastern Europe. London: Verso.
Berdahl, Daphne. 1999. Where the World Ended: Re-unification and identity in the German borderland. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
Berdahl, Daphne, Matti Bunzl, and Martha Lampland. 2000. Altering States: Ethnographies of transition in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Berdahl, Daphne, and Matti Bunzl. 2010. On the Social Life of Postsocialism: Memory, consumption, Germany. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Buchowski, Michał. 2004. “Hierarchies of Knowledge in Central-Eastern European Anthropology.” Anthropology of East Europe Review, 5-14.
Buchowski, Michał. 2012. “Anthropology in Postsocialist Europe.” In A Companion to the Anthropology of Europe, edited by Ullrich Kockel, Máiréad Nic Craith, and Jonas Frykman, 69-87. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Burawoy, Michael. 1996. “The State and Economic Involution: Russia through a China Lens.” World Development 24(6): 1105-1117.
Burawoy, Michael, and János Lukács. 1992. The Radiant Past: Ideology and reality in Hungary’s road to capitalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Burawoy, Michael, and Katherine Verdery, eds. 1999. Uncertain Transition: Ethnographies of change in the postsocialist world. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Buyandelgeriyn, Manduhai. 2008. “Post-Post-Transition Theories: Walking on multiple paths.” Annual Review of Anthropology 37: 235-250.
Červinková, Hana, Michał Buchowski, and Zdenek Uherek, eds. 2015. Rethinking Ethnography in Central Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Collier, Stephen J. 2011. Post-Soviet Social: Neoliberalism, social modernity, biopolitics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Creed, Gerald W. 2011. Masquerade and Postsocialism: Ritual and cultural dispossession in Bulgaria. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Dirlik, Arif. 1989. “Postsocialism? Reflections on ‘Socialism with Chinese Characteristics.’” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 21(1): 33-44.
Dunn, Elizabeth C. 2004. Privatizing Poland. Baby Food, Big Business, and the Remaking of Labor. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Eriksen,Thomas Hylland, James Laidlaw, Jonathan Mair, Martin Keir, and Soumhya Venkatesan. 2015. “‘The Concept of Neoliberalism Has Become an Obstacle to the Anthropological Understanding of the Twenty-First Century.’” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 21(4): 911-923.
Evans, Grant. 1995. Lao Peasants under Socialism and Post-socialism. Chiangmai: Silkworm Books.
Fehérváry, Krisztina. 2009. “Goods and States: The political logic of state-socialist material culture.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 51: 426.
Ferguson, James. 2010. “The Uses of Neoliberalism.” Antipode 41: 166-184.
Foucault, Michel, Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller. 1991. The Foucault Effect: Studies in governmentality with two lectures by and an interview with Michel Foucault. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Foucault, Michel. 2008. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-79, edited by Michel Senellart. Basingstoke England; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ganti, Tejaswini. 2014. “Neoliberalism.” Annual Review of Anthropology 43: 89-104.
Gledhill, John. 2004. “Neoliberalism.” In A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics, edited by David Nugent and Joan Vincent, 332-344. Malden, MA, Blackwell Publishing.
Hann, Chris. 1993. “Introduction.” In Socialism: Ideals, ideologies, and local practice, edited by Chris Hann, 1-31. London, New York: Routledge.
Hann, Chris, ed. 1993. Socialism: Ideals, ideologies, and local practice. London, New York: Routledge.
Hann, Chris. 1994. “After Communism: Reflections on East European anthropology and the ‘transition.’” Social Anthropology 2: 229-249.
Hann, Chris. 2002. “Socialist Legitimation.” In Exotic No More: Anthropology on the front lines, edited by Jeremy MacClancy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hann, Chris. 2005. “Postsocialist Societies.” In A Handbook of Economic Anthropology, edited by James G. Carrier, 547-558. Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
Hann, Chris, and Keith Hart. 2011. Economic Anthropology: History, ethnography, critique. Cambridge, UK: Malden, MA: Polity Press.
Harms, Erik. 2012. “Neo-Geomancy and Real Estate Fever in Postreform Vietnam.” Positions 20(2): 405-434.
Herzfeld, Michael. 2001. Anthropology: Theoretical practice in culture and society. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Hoffman, Lisa. 2008. “Post-Mao Professionalism: Self-enterprise and patriotism.” In Privatizing China: Socialism from afar, edited by Li Zhang and Aihwa Ong, 168-181. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Hoffman, Lisa. 2010. Patriotic Professionalism in Urban China: Fostering talent. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Hoffman, Lisa, Monica DeHart, and Stephen J. Collier. 2006. “Notes on the Anthropology of Neoliberalism.” Anthropology News 47: 9-10.
Humphrey, Caroline. 2002. “Does the Category ‘Postsocialist’ Still Make Sense?” In Postsocialism: Ideals, ideologies, and practices in Eurasia, edited by Chris M. Hann, 12-15. London; New York: Routledge.
Jacka, Tamara. 2009. “Cultivating Citizens: Suzhi (quality) discourse in the PRC.” Positions: East Asia cultures critique 17: 523-535.
Kingfisher, Catherine, and Jeff Maskovsky. 2008. “Introduction: The limits of neoliberalism.” Critique of Anthropology 28(2): 115-126.
Kipnis, Andrew B. 2006. “Suzhi: A keyword approach.” The China Quarterly 186 (July): 295-295.
Kipnis, Andrew B. 2007. “Neoliberalism Reified: Suzhi discourse and tropes of neoliberalism in the People’s Republic of China.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 13(2): 383-400.
Kipnis, Andrew B. 2008. China and Postsocialist Anthropology: Theorizing power and society after communism. Norwalk, CT: Eastbridge.
Kipnis, Andrew B. 2012. Chinese Modernity and the Individual Psyche: Culture, mind, and society. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kleinman, Arthur, ed. 2011. Deep China the Moral Life of the Person: What anthropology and psychiatry tell us about China today. Berkeley, Calif.; London: University of California Press.
Kürti, László, and Peter Skalník, eds. 2009. Postsocialist Europe: Anthropological perspectives from home. New York: Berghahn Books.
Laungaramsri, Pinkaew. 2012. “Frontier Capitalism and the Expansion of Rubber Plantations in Southern Laos.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 43(3): 463-477.
Ledeneva, Alena V. 1998. Russia’s Economy of Favours: Blat, networking, and informal exchange. Cambridge, UK; New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Ledeneva, Alena V. 2008. “Blat and Guanxi: Informal practices in Russia and China.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 50(1): 118-144.
Leshkowich, Ann Marie. 2011. “Making Class and Gender: (Market) socialist enframing of traders in Ho Chi Minh City.” American Anthropologist 113(2): 277-290.
Liu, Xin. 2002. The Otherness of Self: A genealogy of the self in contemporary China. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Makovicky, Nicolette, ed. 2014. Neoliberalism, Personhood, and Postsocialism: Enterprising selves in changing economies. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate.
Mandel, Ruth Ellen, and Caroline Humphrey, eds. 2002. Markets and Moralities: Ethnographies of postsocialism. Oxford, UK; New York: Berg.
O’Connor, Richard A. 1995. “Agricultural Change and Ethnic Succession in Southeast Asian States: A case for regional anthropology.” Journal of Asian Studies 54: 968-996.
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นฤพนธ์ ด้วงวิเศษ, บรรณาธิการ. 2557. ชาติพันธุ์กับเสรีนิยมใหม่. กรุงเทพฯ: ศูนย์-มานุษยวิทยาสิรินธร (องค์การมหาชน).
จามะรี เชียงทอง. 2554. จากมาร์กซิสม์ถึงเสรีนิยมใหม่: การสร้างชนบทลาวในโลก สมัยใหม่และ “การพัฒนา” ในสี่เหลี่ยมเศรษฐกิจ. เชียงใหม่: ศูนย์วิจัยและบริการวิชาการ คณะสังคมศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่.
ยศ สันตสมบัติ. 2557. “ชาติพันธุ์ใต้บงการเสรีนิยมใหม่.” ปาฐกถาพิเศษในงานประชุมทางมานุษยวิทยา “เสียงแห่งชาติพันธุ์ในโลกเสรีนิยมใหม่” ศูนย์มานุษยวิทยาสิรินธร (องค์การมหาชน), กรุงเทพฯ, 28 กันยายน.
พฤกษ์ เถาถวิล และ สุธีร์ สาตราคม. 2554. “MOU การจ้างแรงงานข้ามชาติ เสรีนิยมใหม่ การคุ้มครองแรงงาน และการปรับยุทธศาสตร์การกำกับควบคุมของรัฐ.” วารสารสังคมลุ่มนํ้าโขง 7(3): 1-26.
ยศ สันตสมบัติ. 2557. มังกรหลากสี: การขยายอิทธิพลเหนือดินแดนและพันธกิจเผยแผ่อารยธรรมในอุษาคเนย์. เชียงใหม่: ศูนย์ศึกษาความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพและภูมิปัญญาท้องถิ่นเพื่อการพัฒนาอย่างยั่งยืน คณะสังคมศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่.
ชยันต์ วรรธนะภูติ และ สร้อยมาศ รุ่งมณี, บรรณาธิการ. 2558. ยาดแย่ง การพัฒนาและความทันสมัยในลาว. เชียงใหม่: ศูนย์อาเซียนศึกษา มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่.
ศิลปกิจ ตี่ขันติกุล. 2546. หุ่นน้ำเวียดนาม. เชียงใหม่: กองทุนอินทร์-สมเพื่อการวิจัยทางมานุษยวิทยา.
เอกสารภาษาอังกฤษ
Anagnost, Ann. 2004. “The Corporeal Politics of Quality (Suzhi).” Public Culture 16: 189-208.
Bahro, Rudolf. 1978. The Alternative in Eastern Europe. London: Verso.
Berdahl, Daphne. 1999. Where the World Ended: Re-unification and identity in the German borderland. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
Berdahl, Daphne, Matti Bunzl, and Martha Lampland. 2000. Altering States: Ethnographies of transition in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Berdahl, Daphne, and Matti Bunzl. 2010. On the Social Life of Postsocialism: Memory, consumption, Germany. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Buchowski, Michał. 2004. “Hierarchies of Knowledge in Central-Eastern European Anthropology.” Anthropology of East Europe Review, 5-14.
Buchowski, Michał. 2012. “Anthropology in Postsocialist Europe.” In A Companion to the Anthropology of Europe, edited by Ullrich Kockel, Máiréad Nic Craith, and Jonas Frykman, 69-87. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Burawoy, Michael. 1996. “The State and Economic Involution: Russia through a China Lens.” World Development 24(6): 1105-1117.
Burawoy, Michael, and János Lukács. 1992. The Radiant Past: Ideology and reality in Hungary’s road to capitalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Burawoy, Michael, and Katherine Verdery, eds. 1999. Uncertain Transition: Ethnographies of change in the postsocialist world. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Buyandelgeriyn, Manduhai. 2008. “Post-Post-Transition Theories: Walking on multiple paths.” Annual Review of Anthropology 37: 235-250.
Červinková, Hana, Michał Buchowski, and Zdenek Uherek, eds. 2015. Rethinking Ethnography in Central Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Collier, Stephen J. 2011. Post-Soviet Social: Neoliberalism, social modernity, biopolitics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Creed, Gerald W. 2011. Masquerade and Postsocialism: Ritual and cultural dispossession in Bulgaria. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Dirlik, Arif. 1989. “Postsocialism? Reflections on ‘Socialism with Chinese Characteristics.’” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 21(1): 33-44.
Dunn, Elizabeth C. 2004. Privatizing Poland. Baby Food, Big Business, and the Remaking of Labor. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Eriksen,Thomas Hylland, James Laidlaw, Jonathan Mair, Martin Keir, and Soumhya Venkatesan. 2015. “‘The Concept of Neoliberalism Has Become an Obstacle to the Anthropological Understanding of the Twenty-First Century.’” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 21(4): 911-923.
Evans, Grant. 1995. Lao Peasants under Socialism and Post-socialism. Chiangmai: Silkworm Books.
Fehérváry, Krisztina. 2009. “Goods and States: The political logic of state-socialist material culture.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 51: 426.
Ferguson, James. 2010. “The Uses of Neoliberalism.” Antipode 41: 166-184.
Foucault, Michel, Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller. 1991. The Foucault Effect: Studies in governmentality with two lectures by and an interview with Michel Foucault. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Foucault, Michel. 2008. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-79, edited by Michel Senellart. Basingstoke England; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ganti, Tejaswini. 2014. “Neoliberalism.” Annual Review of Anthropology 43: 89-104.
Gledhill, John. 2004. “Neoliberalism.” In A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics, edited by David Nugent and Joan Vincent, 332-344. Malden, MA, Blackwell Publishing.
Hann, Chris. 1993. “Introduction.” In Socialism: Ideals, ideologies, and local practice, edited by Chris Hann, 1-31. London, New York: Routledge.
Hann, Chris, ed. 1993. Socialism: Ideals, ideologies, and local practice. London, New York: Routledge.
Hann, Chris. 1994. “After Communism: Reflections on East European anthropology and the ‘transition.’” Social Anthropology 2: 229-249.
Hann, Chris. 2002. “Socialist Legitimation.” In Exotic No More: Anthropology on the front lines, edited by Jeremy MacClancy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hann, Chris. 2005. “Postsocialist Societies.” In A Handbook of Economic Anthropology, edited by James G. Carrier, 547-558. Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
Hann, Chris, and Keith Hart. 2011. Economic Anthropology: History, ethnography, critique. Cambridge, UK: Malden, MA: Polity Press.
Harms, Erik. 2012. “Neo-Geomancy and Real Estate Fever in Postreform Vietnam.” Positions 20(2): 405-434.
Herzfeld, Michael. 2001. Anthropology: Theoretical practice in culture and society. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Hoffman, Lisa. 2008. “Post-Mao Professionalism: Self-enterprise and patriotism.” In Privatizing China: Socialism from afar, edited by Li Zhang and Aihwa Ong, 168-181. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Hoffman, Lisa. 2010. Patriotic Professionalism in Urban China: Fostering talent. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Hoffman, Lisa, Monica DeHart, and Stephen J. Collier. 2006. “Notes on the Anthropology of Neoliberalism.” Anthropology News 47: 9-10.
Humphrey, Caroline. 2002. “Does the Category ‘Postsocialist’ Still Make Sense?” In Postsocialism: Ideals, ideologies, and practices in Eurasia, edited by Chris M. Hann, 12-15. London; New York: Routledge.
Jacka, Tamara. 2009. “Cultivating Citizens: Suzhi (quality) discourse in the PRC.” Positions: East Asia cultures critique 17: 523-535.
Kingfisher, Catherine, and Jeff Maskovsky. 2008. “Introduction: The limits of neoliberalism.” Critique of Anthropology 28(2): 115-126.
Kipnis, Andrew B. 2006. “Suzhi: A keyword approach.” The China Quarterly 186 (July): 295-295.
Kipnis, Andrew B. 2007. “Neoliberalism Reified: Suzhi discourse and tropes of neoliberalism in the People’s Republic of China.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 13(2): 383-400.
Kipnis, Andrew B. 2008. China and Postsocialist Anthropology: Theorizing power and society after communism. Norwalk, CT: Eastbridge.
Kipnis, Andrew B. 2012. Chinese Modernity and the Individual Psyche: Culture, mind, and society. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kleinman, Arthur, ed. 2011. Deep China the Moral Life of the Person: What anthropology and psychiatry tell us about China today. Berkeley, Calif.; London: University of California Press.
Kürti, László, and Peter Skalník, eds. 2009. Postsocialist Europe: Anthropological perspectives from home. New York: Berghahn Books.
Laungaramsri, Pinkaew. 2012. “Frontier Capitalism and the Expansion of Rubber Plantations in Southern Laos.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 43(3): 463-477.
Ledeneva, Alena V. 1998. Russia’s Economy of Favours: Blat, networking, and informal exchange. Cambridge, UK; New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Ledeneva, Alena V. 2008. “Blat and Guanxi: Informal practices in Russia and China.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 50(1): 118-144.
Leshkowich, Ann Marie. 2011. “Making Class and Gender: (Market) socialist enframing of traders in Ho Chi Minh City.” American Anthropologist 113(2): 277-290.
Liu, Xin. 2002. The Otherness of Self: A genealogy of the self in contemporary China. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Makovicky, Nicolette, ed. 2014. Neoliberalism, Personhood, and Postsocialism: Enterprising selves in changing economies. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate.
Mandel, Ruth Ellen, and Caroline Humphrey, eds. 2002. Markets and Moralities: Ethnographies of postsocialism. Oxford, UK; New York: Berg.
O’Connor, Richard A. 1995. “Agricultural Change and Ethnic Succession in Southeast Asian States: A case for regional anthropology.” Journal of Asian Studies 54: 968-996.
Reeves, Madeleine. 2014. “Afterword: Neoliberal opportunism.” Anthropology Matters 15(1): 141-150.
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2015-12-30
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