The Rise and Decline of Trading Port Cities on the Maritime Silk Road: A Comparative Historical Analysis of Hội An, Melaka and George Town
Keywords:
Maritime Silk Road, Hội An, Melaka, George TownAbstract
This research article examines the historical development of trading port cities from mercantilism toward colonialism using a case study of Hội An, Melaka, and George Town. Qualitative research methodology was applied to the historical research framework based on the concept of comparative historical analysis. Prosperity in trading ports consisted of powerful ancient kingdoms, monsoon trade routes, the geographical setting, Islamic trading principles, overseas traders network, imperial authorities, and crossroads of migration. The conditions that led to the deterioration of trade ports include the struggle for land and power, religion and social conflict, threats of imperialism, trade disputes, war and conflict, as well as geographic changes. Comparative historical analysis of the marine world in Asia describes the development of geographic and geopolitical development in relation to maritime trade routes. Meanwhile, the study of the continuation of historical timelines is important for the study of the development of a trading port that changed from mercantilism, focusing on trade partners, to the colonialism of the European imperialists, which involved trade competition. The framework of geo-colonial historical materialism and this critical perspective draws attention to other comparative studies of Asian port cities.
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References
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Lee, P. & Chong, A. (2016). Mixing up things and people in Asia’s port cities. In P. Lee, L. Y. Andaya, B W. Andaya, G. Newton & A. Chang (Eds.). Port Cities: Multicultural Emporiums of Asia, 1500-1900. Singapore: Asian Civilisations Museum.
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Lobato, M. L. M. (1993). Politica e Comercio dos portugueses no Mundo Malaio-Indonesio (1575-1605) (pp. 77-83). Master's thesis, Lisbon: Universidade Nova de Lisboa.
Mahoney, J. (2004). Comparative-Historical Methodology. Annual Review of Sociology, 30(1), 81-101.
Methanon, A. (2004). Vietnam in French Perceptions: An Analytical Survey of French Scholarly Works on Vietnam, 1884-2000 (pp. 12-14). Khon Kaen: Center for Research on Plurality in the Mekong region (CERP).
Miksic, J. N. & Goh, G. Y. (2017a). Ancient Southeast Asia (pp. 530-531). London: Routledge.
Miksic, J. N. & Goh, G. Y. (2017b). Spheres of Ceramic Exchange in Southeast Asia, Ninth to Sixteenth Centuries CE. In T. Hodos (Ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Archaeology and Globalization (pp. 808-809). New York: Routledge.
Mills, L. A. (2003). British Malaya 1824–67. Selangor, Malaysia: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (MBRAS), 22, 86-87.
Moorhead, F. J. (1957). A History of Malaya and Her Neighbours (pp. 136-137). London: Longmans.
Nehru, J. (1949). Glimpses of World History (pp. 106-256). India: Lindsay Drummond Limited.
Newitt, M. (2008). Mozambique Island: The Rise and Decline of a Colonial Port City. In L. M. Brockey (Ed.). Portuguese Colonial Cities in the Early Modern World (pp. 105-125). Farnham: Ashgate.
Nguyen, D. D. (2003). The Birth and the Historic Evolution of Hoi An. Hanoi: Gioi Publishers.
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Nguyen, T. T. H. (2008). Tourism Development and the Sustainable Management of Cultural Heritage - A Case Study of Hoi An Ancient Town in Vietnam (p. 22). (Master Dissertation), KDI School of Public Policy and Management.
Ooi, K. G. (2016a). Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1350-1800 (p. 183). New York: Routledge.
Ooi, K. G. (2016b). Maverick George Town, Penang: Colonial Outpost to a World Heritage Site. In V. T. King (Ed.). UNESCO in Southeast Asia, World Heritage Sites in Comparative Perspective (pp. 169-183). Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
Parnwell, M. J. G. (2016). Heritage Management and Tourism Development in Hoi An, Vietnam. In V. T. King (Ed.). UNESCO in Souteast Asia, World Heritage Sites in Comparative Perspective (p. 87). Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
Phan, H. L. (1993). Hoian (Faifo) - Past and Present. The National Committee for the International Symposium on the Ancient Town of Hoian (pp. 18-22). Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers.
Pinto, P. J. S. (2012). The Portuguese and the Straits of Melaka 1575-1619 Power, Trade and Diplomacy (pp. 175, 178). Singapore: NUS Press.
Pongsupath, C. (1990). The Mercantile Community of Penang and the Changing Pattern of Trade, 1890-1941 (p. 219). PhD Dissertation, University of London.
Poopongpan, W. (2019). A Relationship between Ayutthaya and Lan Xang. Journal of Faculty of Arts, Silpakorn University, 41(1), 150-167. (In Thai)
Potter, L. G. (2014). The Rise and Fall of Port Cities in the Persian Gulf. In L. G. Potter (Ed.). The Persian Gulf in Modern Times: People, Ports, and History (pp. 131-152). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Reid, A. (2000). Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia (p. 104). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Rossabi, M. (1990). The Decline of the Central Asian Caravan Trade. In J. D. Tracy (Ed.). The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350-1750 (pp. 353-360). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Saidin, M. (2008). Arkeologi: Penempatan awal di Pulau Pinang dan Seberang Perai dan Pulau Pinang (Archaeology: Early Settlements in Perai and Penang). In M. H. Salleh (Ed.). Sejarah Awal Pulau Pinang (The Early History of Penang) (p. 15). Penang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Salleh, M. H. (2007). Wajah Sastera Malaysia Dalam Bahasa Orang Putih [The Face of Malay Literature in the White Mans’ Languages]. Dewan Sastera, 37(4), 46-48.
Sandhu, K. S. (1969). Indians in Malaya: Some Aspects of Their Immigration and Settlement 1786-1957 (p. 200). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Seiichi, K. (1997). Report of Hoian’s Excavation (p. 6). Tokyo: Showa University.
Shellabear, W. G. (1961). Sejarah Melayu = the Malay Annals (p. 24). Singapura: Malaya Pub. House. The National Committee for the International Symposium on the Ancient Town of Hoi An. (2011). Ancient Town of Hoi An. Hanoi: The Gioi Publisher.
Thomson, J. T. (1984). Glimpses into Life in Malayan Lands (pp. 31-34). Singapore: Oxford University Press.
T'ien, J.-K. (1981). Cheng Ho's Voyages and the Distribution of Pepper in China. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society New Series (JRAS), 2(1981), 186-197.
Tregonning, K. G. (1959). Penang and the China trade. Malaysia in History (MIH), 5(1), 8-12.
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Vu, V. P. & Dang, V. B. (1991). Characteristics and Topography of Hoian and the Suburbs (pp. 87-100). Hanoi: Social Sciences Publishers.
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Aiyangar, S. K. (1921). South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders (p. 179). London: Oxford University Press.
Arasaratnam, S. (1969). Some notes on the Dutch in Malacca and the Indo Malayan trade, 1648-1670. Journal of Southeast Asian History (JSEAH), 10(3), 480-490.
Balestier, J. (1848). View of the State of Agiculture in the British Possession in the Straits of Malacca. JIA, 2, 139-150.
Belgrave, C. (1966). The Pirate Coast (p. 122). London: G. Bell and Sons.
Bird, I. L. (1883). The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither (p. 7). London: John Murray.
Blythe, W. (1969). The Impact of Chinese Secret Societies in Malaya, a Historical Study (pp. 149-171). London: Oxford University Press.
Boxer, C. R. (1965). The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600-1800 (p. 84). London: Hutchinson.
Brown, M. S. (1959). The Failure of Penang as a Naval Base and Shipbuilding Centre. JMBRAS, 32(1), 1-32.
Chang, M. (2000). Cooperation Project for the Preservation of Hoian Ancient Town (p. 45). Tokyo: Showa Women's University, Institute of International Culture.
Chaudhuri, K. N. (1985). Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (pp. 9-34). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chen, Kuan-Hsing. (2010). Asia as Method: Toward Deimperialization (pp. 211-256). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Cima, R. J. (1987). Vietnam: A Country Study (pp. 3-79). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Comber, L. F. (1959). Chinese Secret Societies in Malaya: A Survey of the Triad Society from 1800-1900 (pp. 32-35). New York: Monograph of the Association for Asian studies.
Cortesão, A. (1944). The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires (p. 27). London: Hakluyt Society.
Dac Nhu-Mai, N. (2015). The Impact of Hôi An as Heritage from the Sea. A Platform for Vietnam’s Traditional Maritime Know-How. In F. T. Barata & J. M. Rocha (Eds.). Heritages and Memories from the Sea (pp. 164-172). 1st International Conference of the UNESCO Chair in Intangible Heritage and Traditional Know-How: Linking Heritage, 14-16 January 2015. Évora, Portugal: Conference Proceedings.
Dror, O. & Taylor, K. W. (2006). Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina and Samuel Baron on Tonkin (p. 213). Ithaca, New York: The Southeast Asia Program (SEAP).
Frank, A. G. (1998). Reorient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (p. 53). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Furnivall, J. S. (1956). Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India (pp. 303-307). New York: New York University Press.
Garnier, K. (1923). Early Days in Penang. JMBRAS, 1(1), 5–12.
Goh, D. P. S. (2014). Between History and Heritage: Post-Colonialism, Globalisation, and the Remaking of Malacca, Penang, and Singapore. TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 2(1), 79-101.
GTWHI (George Town World Heritage Incorporated). (2016). George Town Historic Cities of the Staraits of Malacca Special Area Plan. Penang: George Town World Heritage Incorporated.
Guan, K. C. (1998). From Melaka to Singapura: The Evolution of an Emporium. In W. Sucharithanarugse (Ed.). Port Cities and Trade in Western Southeast Asia (pp. 108-123). Bangkok: Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University.
Haneda, M. (2007). Modern Europe and the Creation of the Islamic World. International Journal of Asian Studies, 4(2), 201–220.
Haneda, M. (2009). Asian Port Cities, 1600-1800: Local and Foreign Cultural Interactions (pp. 1-11). Singapore: NUS Press.
Haø, M. H. (2005). Lich su Viet Nam can hien dai (1858-1975). (in Vietnamese). [Contemporary and modern history of Vietnam (1858-1975)] (p. 5). Ho Chi Minh: NXB Đại Học Quốc Gia TP HCM.
Hassan, A. S. & Yahaya, S. R. C. (2012). Architexture and Heritage Buildings in George Town Penang (p. 1). Penang: Sinaran Bros.
Haudrère, P. (2009). The Hindu courtier and the French governor, Pondicherry, 1744-60. In M. Haneda (Ed.). Port Cities, 1600-1800: Local and Foreign Cultural Interactions (pp. 175-191). Singapore: NUS Press.
Hồ, X. T. (1998). Cham Relics in Quảng Nam (p. 5). Da Nang: Bao Tang Quảng Nam.
Hoyt, S. H. (1991). Old Penang, Images of Asia (pp. 14-65). Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Hussin, N. (2009). Trade and Society in the Straits of Melaka: Dutch Melaka and English Penang, 1780-1830 (pp. 141, 271-309). Singapore: NUS Press.
Khoo, S. N. (2012). Streets of George Town, An Illustrated Guide to Penangs City Streets and Historic Attractions (pp. 21, 64). Penang: Areca Books.
Lee, P. & Chong, A. (2016). Mixing up things and people in Asia’s port cities. In P. Lee, L. Y. Andaya, B W. Andaya, G. Newton & A. Chang (Eds.). Port Cities: Multicultural Emporiums of Asia, 1500-1900. Singapore: Asian Civilisations Museum.
Leupe, P. A. (1936). The Siege and Capture of Malacca from the Portuguese in 1640-1641: Extracts from the archives of the Dutch East India Company. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (JMBRAS), 14(1), 1-178.
Lobato, M. L. M. (1993). Politica e Comercio dos portugueses no Mundo Malaio-Indonesio (1575-1605) (pp. 77-83). Master's thesis, Lisbon: Universidade Nova de Lisboa.
Mahoney, J. (2004). Comparative-Historical Methodology. Annual Review of Sociology, 30(1), 81-101.
Methanon, A. (2004). Vietnam in French Perceptions: An Analytical Survey of French Scholarly Works on Vietnam, 1884-2000 (pp. 12-14). Khon Kaen: Center for Research on Plurality in the Mekong region (CERP).
Miksic, J. N. & Goh, G. Y. (2017a). Ancient Southeast Asia (pp. 530-531). London: Routledge.
Miksic, J. N. & Goh, G. Y. (2017b). Spheres of Ceramic Exchange in Southeast Asia, Ninth to Sixteenth Centuries CE. In T. Hodos (Ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Archaeology and Globalization (pp. 808-809). New York: Routledge.
Mills, L. A. (2003). British Malaya 1824–67. Selangor, Malaysia: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (MBRAS), 22, 86-87.
Moorhead, F. J. (1957). A History of Malaya and Her Neighbours (pp. 136-137). London: Longmans.
Nehru, J. (1949). Glimpses of World History (pp. 106-256). India: Lindsay Drummond Limited.
Newitt, M. (2008). Mozambique Island: The Rise and Decline of a Colonial Port City. In L. M. Brockey (Ed.). Portuguese Colonial Cities in the Early Modern World (pp. 105-125). Farnham: Ashgate.
Nguyen, D. D. (2003). The Birth and the Historic Evolution of Hoi An. Hanoi: Gioi Publishers.
Nguyen, P. T. (1997). Do thi co Hoian va nhung di tich tieu bieu. (in Vietnamese). [Hoian Ancient Town and the Major Attractions] (pp. 13-14). Danang: Nha xuat ban Giao Duc.
Nguyen, T. T. H. (2008). Tourism Development and the Sustainable Management of Cultural Heritage - A Case Study of Hoi An Ancient Town in Vietnam (p. 22). (Master Dissertation), KDI School of Public Policy and Management.
Ooi, K. G. (2016a). Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1350-1800 (p. 183). New York: Routledge.
Ooi, K. G. (2016b). Maverick George Town, Penang: Colonial Outpost to a World Heritage Site. In V. T. King (Ed.). UNESCO in Southeast Asia, World Heritage Sites in Comparative Perspective (pp. 169-183). Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
Parnwell, M. J. G. (2016). Heritage Management and Tourism Development in Hoi An, Vietnam. In V. T. King (Ed.). UNESCO in Souteast Asia, World Heritage Sites in Comparative Perspective (p. 87). Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
Phan, H. L. (1993). Hoian (Faifo) - Past and Present. The National Committee for the International Symposium on the Ancient Town of Hoian (pp. 18-22). Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers.
Pinto, P. J. S. (2012). The Portuguese and the Straits of Melaka 1575-1619 Power, Trade and Diplomacy (pp. 175, 178). Singapore: NUS Press.
Pongsupath, C. (1990). The Mercantile Community of Penang and the Changing Pattern of Trade, 1890-1941 (p. 219). PhD Dissertation, University of London.
Poopongpan, W. (2019). A Relationship between Ayutthaya and Lan Xang. Journal of Faculty of Arts, Silpakorn University, 41(1), 150-167. (In Thai)
Potter, L. G. (2014). The Rise and Fall of Port Cities in the Persian Gulf. In L. G. Potter (Ed.). The Persian Gulf in Modern Times: People, Ports, and History (pp. 131-152). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Reid, A. (2000). Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia (p. 104). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Rossabi, M. (1990). The Decline of the Central Asian Caravan Trade. In J. D. Tracy (Ed.). The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350-1750 (pp. 353-360). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Saidin, M. (2008). Arkeologi: Penempatan awal di Pulau Pinang dan Seberang Perai dan Pulau Pinang (Archaeology: Early Settlements in Perai and Penang). In M. H. Salleh (Ed.). Sejarah Awal Pulau Pinang (The Early History of Penang) (p. 15). Penang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Salleh, M. H. (2007). Wajah Sastera Malaysia Dalam Bahasa Orang Putih [The Face of Malay Literature in the White Mans’ Languages]. Dewan Sastera, 37(4), 46-48.
Sandhu, K. S. (1969). Indians in Malaya: Some Aspects of Their Immigration and Settlement 1786-1957 (p. 200). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Seiichi, K. (1997). Report of Hoian’s Excavation (p. 6). Tokyo: Showa University.
Shellabear, W. G. (1961). Sejarah Melayu = the Malay Annals (p. 24). Singapura: Malaya Pub. House. The National Committee for the International Symposium on the Ancient Town of Hoi An. (2011). Ancient Town of Hoi An. Hanoi: The Gioi Publisher.
Thomson, J. T. (1984). Glimpses into Life in Malayan Lands (pp. 31-34). Singapore: Oxford University Press.
T'ien, J.-K. (1981). Cheng Ho's Voyages and the Distribution of Pepper in China. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society New Series (JRAS), 2(1981), 186-197.
Tregonning, K. G. (1959). Penang and the China trade. Malaysia in History (MIH), 5(1), 8-12.
Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian Presidency to Crown Colony. (pp. 106-107). Singapore: Oxford University Press. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (1999). Hoi An Ancient Town. Retrieved from: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/948/
Vickery, M. (2009). A Short History of Champa. In A. D. Hardy, M. Cucarzi & P. Zolese (Eds.). Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam) (p. 45). Singapore: NUS Press.
Vu, V. P. & Dang, V. B. (1991). Characteristics and Topography of Hoian and the Suburbs (pp. 87-100). Hanoi: Social Sciences Publishers.
Wink, A. (1997). Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World; Vol. 2: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries (pp. 1-7). Leiden: Brill.
Wolters, O. W. (1967). Early Indonesian Commerce: A Study of the Origins of Srivijaya. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Wong, D. T. K. (2011). Vietnam–Champa Relations during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. In K. P. Tran & B. M. Lockhart (Eds.). the Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art (p. 241). Singapore: NUS Press.
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2021-06-07
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Kamput, K. (2021). The Rise and Decline of Trading Port Cities on the Maritime Silk Road: A Comparative Historical Analysis of Hội An, Melaka and George Town. Journal of the Faculty of Arts, Silpakorn University, 43(1), 105–132. Retrieved from https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jasu/article/view/252042
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