ความรุ่งเรืองและความเสื่อมถอยแห่งเมืองท่าการค้าบนเส้นทางสายไหมทางทะเล: การศึกษาเชิงประวัติศาสตร์เปรียบเทียบเมืองฮอยอัน เมืองมะละกา และเมืองจอร์จทาวน์
คำสำคัญ:
เส้นทางสายไหมทางทะเล, เมืองฮอยอัน, เมืองมะละกา, เมืองจอร์จทาวน์บทคัดย่อ
บทความวิจัยนี้อธิบายผลการศึกษาพัฒนาการเชิงประวัติศาสตร์ของเมืองท่าการค้ายุคพาณิชยนิยมสู่ยุคอาณานิคม จากกรณีศึกษาเมืองฮอยอัน เมืองมะละกา และเมืองจอร์จทาวน์ โดยวิธีวิทยาการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพด้วยกรอบการวิจัยเชิงประวัติศาสตร์ ภายใต้กรอบแนวคิดการศึกษาเชิงประวัติศาสตร์เปรียบเทียบ สรุปผลการวิจัยได้ดังนี้ 1) เงื่อนไขของความรุ่งเรืองเมืองท่าการค้า ได้แก่ อิทธิพลจากอาณาจักรโบราณ เส้นทางการค้าลมมรสุม ภูมิศาสตร์ที่ตั้ง ระบบการค้าตามหลักศาสนาอิสลาม เครือข่ายพ่อค้าต่างชาติ อิทธิพลของจักรวรรดินิยม และชุมทางการอพยพของผู้คน 2) เงื่อนไขของความเสื่อมถอยแห่งเมืองท่าการค้า ได้แก่ การแย่งชิงอำนาจของผู้ปกครอง ความขัดแย้งทางศาสนาและสังคม ภัยคุกคามจากจักรวรรดินิยม ข้อพิพาททางการค้า สงครามและความขัดแย้ง การเปลี่ยนแปลงทางสภาพภูมิศาสตร์ 3) การศึกษาเชิงประวัติศาสตร์เปรียบเทียบ (comparative historical analysis) ต่อโลกทางทะเลเอเชียนั้นว่าด้วยการศึกษาพัฒนาการทั้งในเชิงพื้นที่ทางภูมิศาสตร์และภูมิรัฐศาสตร์อันความสัมพันธ์กับเส้นทางการค้าทางทะเล ขณะเดียวกันการศึกษาด้วยความต่อเนื่องของลำดับเวลาทางประวัติศาสตร์นั้นสำคัญต่อการศึกษาพัฒนาการของเมืองท่าการค้าซึ่งเปลี่ยนผ่านจากยุคพาณิชยนิยมที่ว่าด้วยหุ้นส่วนทางการค้าสู่ยุคอาณานิคมของเหล่าจักรวรรดิยุโรปที่ว่าด้วยการแข่งขันทางการค้านั้นมีผลต่อทิศทางของพัฒนาการของเมืองท่าการค้าอย่างมีนัยสำคัญ ภายใต้กรอบคิดวัตถุนิยมทางประวัติศาสตร์ของภูมิศาสตร์แบบอาณานิคม (geo-colonial historical materialism) จึงเป็นมุมมองเชิงวิพากษ์สำหรับการศึกษาเชิงเปรียบเทียบของเมืองท่าเอเชียที่สำคัญ
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เอกสารอ้างอิง
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Balestier, J. (1848). View of the State of Agiculture in the British Possession in the Straits of Malacca. JIA, 2, 139-150.
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Blythe, W. (1969). The Impact of Chinese Secret Societies in Malaya, a Historical Study (pp. 149-171). London: Oxford University Press.
Boxer, C. R. (1965). The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600-1800 (p. 84). London: Hutchinson.
Brown, M. S. (1959). The Failure of Penang as a Naval Base and Shipbuilding Centre. JMBRAS, 32(1), 1-32.
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Comber, L. F. (1959). Chinese Secret Societies in Malaya: A Survey of the Triad Society from 1800-1900 (pp. 32-35). New York: Monograph of the Association for Asian studies.
Cortesão, A. (1944). The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires (p. 27). London: Hakluyt Society.
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Frank, A. G. (1998). Reorient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (p. 53). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Furnivall, J. S. (1956). Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India (pp. 303-307). New York: New York University Press.
Garnier, K. (1923). Early Days in Penang. JMBRAS, 1(1), 5–12.
Goh, D. P. S. (2014). Between History and Heritage: Post-Colonialism, Globalisation, and the Remaking of Malacca, Penang, and Singapore. TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 2(1), 79-101.
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Guan, K. C. (1998). From Melaka to Singapura: The Evolution of an Emporium. In W. Sucharithanarugse (Ed.). Port Cities and Trade in Western Southeast Asia (pp. 108-123). Bangkok: Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University.
Haneda, M. (2007). Modern Europe and the Creation of the Islamic World. International Journal of Asian Studies, 4(2), 201–220.
Haneda, M. (2009). Asian Port Cities, 1600-1800: Local and Foreign Cultural Interactions (pp. 1-11). Singapore: NUS Press.
Haø, M. H. (2005). Lich su Viet Nam can hien dai (1858-1975). (in Vietnamese). [Contemporary and modern history of Vietnam (1858-1975)] (p. 5). Ho Chi Minh: NXB Đại Học Quốc Gia TP HCM.
Hassan, A. S. & Yahaya, S. R. C. (2012). Architexture and Heritage Buildings in George Town Penang (p. 1). Penang: Sinaran Bros.
Haudrère, P. (2009). The Hindu courtier and the French governor, Pondicherry, 1744-60. In M. Haneda (Ed.). Port Cities, 1600-1800: Local and Foreign Cultural Interactions (pp. 175-191). Singapore: NUS Press.
Hồ, X. T. (1998). Cham Relics in Quảng Nam (p. 5). Da Nang: Bao Tang Quảng Nam.
Hoyt, S. H. (1991). Old Penang, Images of Asia (pp. 14-65). Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Hussin, N. (2009). Trade and Society in the Straits of Melaka: Dutch Melaka and English Penang, 1780-1830 (pp. 141, 271-309). Singapore: NUS Press.
Khoo, S. N. (2012). Streets of George Town, An Illustrated Guide to Penangs City Streets and Historic Attractions (pp. 21, 64). Penang: Areca Books.
Lee, P. & Chong, A. (2016). Mixing up things and people in Asia’s port cities. In P. Lee, L. Y. Andaya, B W. Andaya, G. Newton & A. Chang (Eds.). Port Cities: Multicultural Emporiums of Asia, 1500-1900. Singapore: Asian Civilisations Museum.
Leupe, P. A. (1936). The Siege and Capture of Malacca from the Portuguese in 1640-1641: Extracts from the archives of the Dutch East India Company. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (JMBRAS), 14(1), 1-178.
Lobato, M. L. M. (1993). Politica e Comercio dos portugueses no Mundo Malaio-Indonesio (1575-1605) (pp. 77-83). Master's thesis, Lisbon: Universidade Nova de Lisboa.
Mahoney, J. (2004). Comparative-Historical Methodology. Annual Review of Sociology, 30(1), 81-101.
Methanon, A. (2004). Vietnam in French Perceptions: An Analytical Survey of French Scholarly Works on Vietnam, 1884-2000 (pp. 12-14). Khon Kaen: Center for Research on Plurality in the Mekong region (CERP).
Miksic, J. N. & Goh, G. Y. (2017a). Ancient Southeast Asia (pp. 530-531). London: Routledge.
Miksic, J. N. & Goh, G. Y. (2017b). Spheres of Ceramic Exchange in Southeast Asia, Ninth to Sixteenth Centuries CE. In T. Hodos (Ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Archaeology and Globalization (pp. 808-809). New York: Routledge.
Mills, L. A. (2003). British Malaya 1824–67. Selangor, Malaysia: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (MBRAS), 22, 86-87.
Moorhead, F. J. (1957). A History of Malaya and Her Neighbours (pp. 136-137). London: Longmans.
Nehru, J. (1949). Glimpses of World History (pp. 106-256). India: Lindsay Drummond Limited.
Newitt, M. (2008). Mozambique Island: The Rise and Decline of a Colonial Port City. In L. M. Brockey (Ed.). Portuguese Colonial Cities in the Early Modern World (pp. 105-125). Farnham: Ashgate.
Nguyen, D. D. (2003). The Birth and the Historic Evolution of Hoi An. Hanoi: Gioi Publishers.
Nguyen, P. T. (1997). Do thi co Hoian va nhung di tich tieu bieu. (in Vietnamese). [Hoian Ancient Town and the Major Attractions] (pp. 13-14). Danang: Nha xuat ban Giao Duc.
Nguyen, T. T. H. (2008). Tourism Development and the Sustainable Management of Cultural Heritage - A Case Study of Hoi An Ancient Town in Vietnam (p. 22). (Master Dissertation), KDI School of Public Policy and Management.
Ooi, K. G. (2016a). Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1350-1800 (p. 183). New York: Routledge.
Ooi, K. G. (2016b). Maverick George Town, Penang: Colonial Outpost to a World Heritage Site. In V. T. King (Ed.). UNESCO in Southeast Asia, World Heritage Sites in Comparative Perspective (pp. 169-183). Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
Parnwell, M. J. G. (2016). Heritage Management and Tourism Development in Hoi An, Vietnam. In V. T. King (Ed.). UNESCO in Souteast Asia, World Heritage Sites in Comparative Perspective (p. 87). Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
Phan, H. L. (1993). Hoian (Faifo) - Past and Present. The National Committee for the International Symposium on the Ancient Town of Hoian (pp. 18-22). Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers.
Pinto, P. J. S. (2012). The Portuguese and the Straits of Melaka 1575-1619 Power, Trade and Diplomacy (pp. 175, 178). Singapore: NUS Press.
Pongsupath, C. (1990). The Mercantile Community of Penang and the Changing Pattern of Trade, 1890-1941 (p. 219). PhD Dissertation, University of London.
Poopongpan, W. (2019). A Relationship between Ayutthaya and Lan Xang. Journal of Faculty of Arts, Silpakorn University, 41(1), 150-167. (In Thai)
Potter, L. G. (2014). The Rise and Fall of Port Cities in the Persian Gulf. In L. G. Potter (Ed.). The Persian Gulf in Modern Times: People, Ports, and History (pp. 131-152). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Reid, A. (2000). Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia (p. 104). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
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2021-06-07
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คำพุฒ เ. (2021). ความรุ่งเรืองและความเสื่อมถอยแห่งเมืองท่าการค้าบนเส้นทางสายไหมทางทะเล: การศึกษาเชิงประวัติศาสตร์เปรียบเทียบเมืองฮอยอัน เมืองมะละกา และเมืองจอร์จทาวน์. วารสารอักษรศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยศิลปากร, 43(1), 105–132. สืบค้น จาก https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jasu/article/view/252042
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