The Analysis of Hong Kong Gangster Films Directed by Johnnie To

Abstract

This article aimed to study (1) the narrative structure in Hong Kong gangster films directed by Johnnie To and (2) the film language in Hong Kong gangster films directed by Johnnie To. The sample was five representative gangster films—The Mission (1999), PTU (2003), Election (2005), Election 2 (2006), and Exiled (2006). They were selected by purposive sampling from different stages of Johnnie To’s directorial career. The instrument for collecting data was qualitative textual analysis. Data were collected through repeated film viewing and supported by secondary academic sources and analyzed by descriptive interpretation and textual analysis. The research results were as follows: 1) For narrative structure, the findings suggested that Johnnie To’s gangster films depart from traditional hero-centered storytelling by employing ensemble narrative structures and minimalist three-act frameworks. Settings carry symbolic meaning, expressing psychological states and social tensions. Conflicts were framed as moral dilemmas rather than binary oppositions, and themes of power struggle and brotherhood were reinterpreted through a fatalistic lens. 2) For film language, it was found that Johnnie To employs a restrained cinematic style characterized by precise cinematography, high-contrast and directional lighting, subdued color palettes, minimalist sound design, and controlled editing rhythms. These elements created a distinct visual and auditory experience that emphasizes tension and emotional subtlety over spectacle. These findings provided insights into narrative and stylistic innovations in East Asian gangster cinema and contribute to a deeper understanding of the identity of Hong Kong gangster films through Johnnie To’s work.