“Are you free?”: Pragmatic Transfer in the Speech Act of Requests by Thai EFL Learners

Main Article Content

Nicharath Rasameekunwit
Umaporn Sungkaman

Abstract

Pragmatic transfer is influenced by learners’ pragmatic knowledge of language and culture from their L1 when performing L2 speech acts. This study aimed to analyze negative pragmatic transfer in the realization of the speech act of requests by Thai EFL learners. A total of 30 Thai EFL learners, 24 native English speakers, and 30 native Thai speakers were asked to fill out a Written Discourse Completion Test (WDCT), consisting of nine situations realizing the requests. In-depth interviews were also conducted with 9 informants from each group. The results revealed that negative transfer existed in the semantic formula content used in the Thai EFL learners’ requests. The data also showed transfer in employing intensifiers in grounder, formulaic expressions when checking on availability, and expressing temporal meaning when checking on availability. All of the negative transfer suggested language-specific production involved in the divergence from norms in L2 speech acts, and that some areas caused communication breakdown. In order to avoid failure and reinforce pragmatic competence, it is crucial for second language teachers to help learners enhance their knowledge or competence of the appropriate use of speech acts in the L2 as well as to help build mutual understanding between Thais speaking English and native speakers of English during communication.

Article Details

How to Cite
Rasameekunwit, N. ., & Sungkaman, U. . (2023). “Are you free?”: Pragmatic Transfer in the Speech Act of Requests by Thai EFL Learners. Language and Linguistics, 41(1), 88–117. Retrieved from https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/joling/article/view/257009
Section
Research Article

References

คเชนทร์ ตัญศิริ. (2556). “จะ”: อนาคต ความตั้งใจ และการคาดคะเน. วารสารพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์, 53(3), 176-200.

ชาญวิทย์ เยาวฤทธา. (2555). แนวคิดเรื่อง “บุญคุณ” กับวัจนกรรม 3 ชนิดในสังคมไทย [วิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญามหาบัณฑิต]. จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย.

ณัฐพร พานโพธิ์ทอง. (2555). เอกสารคำสอนรายวิชา 2201783 การวิเคราะห์ภาษาไทยตามแนววัจนปฏิบัติศาสตร์ (ฉบับปรับปรุง) [เอกสารที่ไม่ได้ตีพิมพ์]. คณะอักษรศาสตร์, จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย.

ณัฐพร พานโพธิ์ทอง และศิริพร ภักดีผาสุก. (2561). การสนทนาแบบเน้นภารกิจในภาษาไทยกับปัจจัยทางสังคมวัฒนธรรมที่เกี่ยวข้อง: กรณีศึกษาข้อมูลชุด Mister O ภาษาไทย. ภาษาและภาษาศาสตร์ [ฉบับพิเศษ], 36, 1-30.

ทรงธรรม อินทจักร. (2550). แนวคิดพื้นฐานด้านวัจนปฏิบัติศาสตร์. สำนักพิมพ์มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์.

ทรงธรรม อินทจักร. (2554). ความสุภาพ ความเกรงใจ และวัจนปฏิบัติศาสตร์ปลดพันธนาการ. ภาษาและภาษาศาสตร์, 29(1), 17-42.

ธนพรรษ สายหรุ่น, ร.อ.หญิง. (2542). กลวิธีการปฏิเสธในภาษาอังกฤษของนักศึกษาไทยที่เรียนภาษาอังกฤษเป็นภาษาต่างประเทศ: การศึกษาการถ่ายโอนทางวัจนปฏิบัติศาสตร์ [วิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญามหาบัณฑิต]. จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย.

ปาจรีย์ นิพาสพงศ์. (2554). ระดับและรูปแบบความตระหนักเชิงวัจนปฏิบัติศาสตร์ของผู้เรียนภาษาอังกฤษชาวไทยและเจ้าของภาษาชาวอเมริกัน. Veridian E-Journal Silpakorn University, 4(1), 704-728.

ปิยะวัลย์ วิรุฬหชัยพงษ์. (2543). โครงสร้างและกลวิธีการขอร้องในภาษาไทยและภาษาอังกฤษแบบอเมริกัน: การศึกษาวัจนปฏิบัติเปรียบต่าง [วิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญามหาบัณฑิต]. จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย.

อภิญญา สร้อยธุหร่ำ. (2553) พหุหน้าที่ของคำว่า “จะ” ในภาษาไทย [วิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญาดุษฎีบัณฑิต]. จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย.

Abe, H. (2017). The realization of the apology speech act in English by Japanese speakers: Cross-cultural differences, pragmatic transfer, and pedagogical implications [Doctoral dissertation]. Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts.

Abuarrah, S., Lochtman, K., & Lutjerhams, M. (2013). Cross cultural pragmatics requests’ use of strategy and level of directness in Palestinian Arabic and British English. An-Najah Univ. J. Res. (Humanities), 27(5), 1109-1144.

Bardovi-Harlig, K., & Dörnyei, Z. (1998). Do language learners recognize pragmatic violations? Pragmatic versus grammatical awareness in instructed L2 learning. TESOL Quarterly, 32(2), 233-259.

Beebe, M. L., Takahashi, T., & Uliss-Weltz, R. (1990). Pragmatic transfer in ESL refusals. In R. Scarcella, E. Andersen, & S. Krashen (Eds.), Developing communicative competence in a second language (pp. 55-73). Newbury House.

Bergman, M., & Kasper, G. (1993). Perception and performance in native and nonnative apology. In G. Kasper & S. Blum-Kulka (Eds.), Interlanguage pragmatics (pp. 82-107). Oxford University Press.

Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Ablex.

Blum-Kulka, S., & Olshtain, E. (1984). Requests and apologies: A cross-cultural study of speech act realization patterns. Applied Linguistics, 5(3), 196-213.

Breuer, A., & Geluykens, R. (2007). Variation in British and American English requests: A contrastive analysis. In B. Kraft & R. Geluykens (Eds.), Cross-cultural pragmatics and interlanguage English (pp. 107-126). Lincom Europa.

Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press.

Chen, R. (2010). Pragmatics east and west: Similar or different? In W. Bublitz, A. H. Jucker, & K. P. Schneider (Eds.), Pragmatics across languages and cultures (pp. 167-187). Walter de Gruyter.

Chiravate, B. (2011). Perception of politeness in English requests by Thai EFL learners. The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 17(2), 59-71.

Comrie, B. (1976). Aspect. Cambridge University Press.

Cook, M., & Liddicoat, A. J. (2002). The development of comprehension in interlanguage pragmatics: The case of request strategies in English. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 25(1), 19-39.

Ellis, R. (1997). Second language acquisition. Oxford University Press.

Eslamirasekh, Z. (1993). A cross-cultural comparison of the requestive speech act realization patterns in Persian and American English. In L. F. Bouton & Y. Kachru (Eds.), Pragmatics and language learning, monograph series 4 (pp. 85-103). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Fukada, A., & Asato, N. (2004). Universal politeness theory: Application to the use of Japanese honorifics. Journal of Pragmatics, 36(11), 1991-2002.

Fukushima, S. (1996). Request strategies in British English and Japanese. language sciences, 18(3-4), 671-688.

Fukushima, S. (2000). Requests and culture: Politeness in British English and Japanese. Peter Lang.

Gairns, R., & Redman, S. (1986). Working with words. Cambridge University Press.

Hanks, W. F., Ide, S., & Katagiri, Y. (2009). Introduction: Towards an emancipatory pragmatics. Journal of Pragmatics, 41(1), 1-9.

Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. McGraw-Hill.

Hongladarom, K. (2009). Indexicality in Thai and Tibetan: Implications for a Buddhism grounded approach. Journal of Pragmatics, 41, 47-59.

Ide, S. (1989). Formal forms and discernment: Two neglected aspects of universals of linguistic politeness. Multilingua, 8, 223-248.

Intachakra, S. (2012). Politeness motivated by the ‘heart’ and ‘binary rationality’ in Thai culture. Journal of Pragmatics, 44, 619-635.

Kasper, G. (1992). Pragmatic transfer. Second Language Research, 8(3), 203-231.

Kasper, G., & Blum-Kulka, S. (1993). Interlanguage pragmatics. Oxford University Press.

Kasper, G., & Rose, K. R. (2002). Pragmatic development in a second language. Blackwell.

Kecskes, I. (2000). A cognitive-pragmatic approach to situation-bound utterances. Journal of Pragmatics, 32(6), 605-625.

Kecskes, I. (2008). Formulaic language in English lingua franca. In I. Kecskes & L. Horn (Eds.), Explorations in pragmatics: Linguistic, cognitive and intercultural aspects (pp. 191-218). De Gruyter Mouton.

Keshavarz, H., Eslami, Z. R., & Ghahraman, V. (2006). Pragmatic transfer and Iranian EFL refusals: A cross-cultural perspective of Persian and English. In K. Bardovi-Harling, J. C. Félix-Brasdefer, & A. S. Omar (Eds.), Pragmatics language learning (Vol. 11, pp. 359-402). University of Hawai’i Press.

Kim, H. K. (2007). The role of the learner subjectivity and pragmatic transfer in the performance of requests by Korean ESL learners [Doctoral dissertation]. Texas A&M University.

Lakoff, R. (1973). The logic of politeness, or minding your P’s & Q’s. In C. Corum, T. Cedric Smith-Stark, & A. Weiser (Eds.), The Ninth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society (pp. 292-305). Chicago Linguistic Society.

Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. Longman.

Modehiran, P. (2005). Correction making among Thais and Americans: A study of cross-cultural and interlanguage pragmatics [Doctoral dissertation]. Chulalongkorn University.

Odlin, T. (1989). Language transfer. Cambridge University Press.

Ogiermann, E. (2009). Politeness and in-directness across cultures: A comparison of English, German, Polish and Russian requests. Journal of Politeness Research, 5, 189-216.

Panpothong, N., & Phakdeephasook, S. (2014). The wide use of mai-pen-rai ‘It’s not substantial’ in Thai interactions and Its relationship to the Buddhist concept of Tri Laksana. Journal of Pragmatics, 69, 99-107.

Pin-Ngern, A. (2015). An interlanguage pragmatic study of Thai EFL learners’ apology: Linguistic realization and metapragmatic awareness [Doctoral dissertation]. Chulalongkorn University.

Pizziconi, B. (2003). Re-examining politeness, face and the Japanese language. Journal of Pragmatics, 35(10-11), 1471-1506.

Prachanant, N. (2006). Pragmatic transfer in responses to complaints by Thai EFL learners in the hotel business [Doctoral dissertation]. Suranaree University of Technology.

Schmidt, R. (1993). Consciousness, learning and interlanguage pragmatics. In G. Kasper & S. Blum-Kulka (Eds.), Interlanguage pragmatics (pp. 21-42). Oxford University Press.

Shamsabadi, R., & Rasekh, A. E. (2014). A cross-cultural investigation of compliments and compliment responses: Comparing Persian speakers, EFL leaners and English native. ELT Voices- International Journal for Teachers of English, 4(6), 124-137.

Spencer-Oatey, H. (2002). Managing rapport in talk: Using rapport sensitive incidents to explore the motivational concerns underlying the management of relations. Journal of Pragmatics, 34, 529-545.

Spencer-Oatey, H. (2008). Culturally speaking: culture, communication and politeness theory (2nd ed.). Continuum.

Suttipanyo, J. (2007). Request strategies by Thai learners of English and American exchange students [Master’s thesis]. Srinakharinwirot University.

Thomas, J. (1983). Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied Linguistics, 4, 91-112.

Trosborg, A. (1995). Interlanguage pragmatics: Requests, complaints and apologies. Mouton de Gruyter.

Wannarak, A. (2008). Pragmatic transfer in Thai EFL refusals. RELC Journal, 39(3), 318-337.

Weizman, E. (1993). Interlanguage requestive hints. In G. Kasper & S. Blum-Kulka (Eds.), Interlanguage Pragmatics (pp. 123-137). Oxford University Press.