SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE ENABLED CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Keywords:
Spiritual Intelligence, Phenomenological Intelligence, CSR, RBV, business model.Abstract
A spiritual intelligence-enabled model, which exploits the “Four Mindfulness Foundations” in the conception of phenomenological intelligence, is introduced and empirically validated with numerous cases from the tourism, hotel, and social enterprising industry. The purpose of the spiritual theme is to suggest a more flexible mindset to study CSR. The phenomenological richness and competency, which embraces contemporary CSR1, CSR2, and CSR3, and CSP concepts, as analogically similar to cognitive virtue, behavioral virtue, and virtue-outcome, as well the three strategic elements of spiritual intelligence, provides the flexible base to strategically apply CSR. The business model concept is also incorporated, and numerous facets of the derivative models of the phenomenological intelligence-based CSR are derived and empirically demonstrated for their practicality and validity. The three dominant theories of business competition, namely institutional theory, RBV, and market positioning, are supplemented with the spiritual intelligence competency to enable the creative and phenomenologically enriched design of CSR strategies.
References
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35.Tan, C.C. (2016), Towards a Phenomenological Theory of Corporate Social Responsibility and its Spirited Services, India: IMRF Publishing House.
36.Tan, C.C., Pornpimol, C. and Aung, Z.M. (2016), An Exploratory Study of Hotel Employees’ States of Engagement and its Horizontal Job Activity and Vertically Supporting Antecedents: A Survey of the Hotels in Nay Pyi Taw and Bagan, Myanmar,
Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation Journal, 1(1), pp. 1-16.
37.Tan, C.C., Srivastava, P. and Zaw, M.L. (2017), A Systems Worldview Approach to Performance Measurement-driven Service Innovation-Enabled Business Model Implementation: A Case with the Hotel Industry in Myanmar, Research in Progress, School of Management, Mae Fah Luang University, Department of Mathematics at Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT), and Ministry of Hotels and Tourism, The Republic of the Union of Myanmar.
38.Yang, J.T. (2012), Identifying the Attributes of Blue Ocean Strategies in Hospitality, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(5), pp. 701-720.
39.Yang, Z. and Su, C. (2014), Institutional Theory in Business Marketing: A Conceptual Framework and Future Directions, Industrial Marketing Management, 43, pp. 721-725.
40.Upadhyay, S. and Upadhyay, N. (2016), A Multi-Criteria Framework to Measure Spiritual Intelligence of University Teachers, Procedia Computer Science, 91, pp. 591-598.
41.Walshe, M. (1987), Thus Have I Heard the Long Discourses of the Buddha: Digha Nikaya, England: Wisdom Publications.
42.Wood, D.J. (2010), Toward Improving Corporate Social Performance, Business Horizons, July-August, pp. 66-73.
43.Zohar, D. and Marshall, I. (2000), SQ: Spiritual Intelligence, The Ultimate Intelligence, London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
2.Ararat, M. (2008), A Development Perspective for Corporate Social Responsibility: Case of Turkey, Corporate Governance, 8(3), pp. 271-285.
3.Aung, Z.M. and Tan, C.C. (2016), Using the Business Model Concept as a Broad-based S-O-R (Stimulating-Organism-Response) Consumer Behavior Model for Tourism Industry: The Case of Bagan, Myanmar, Journal of Mekong Societies, 12(2), pp. 21-44.
4.Ball, A. and Craig, R. (2010), Using Neo-Institutionalism to Advance Social and Environmental Accounting, Critical Perspective on Accounting, 21(4), pp. 283-293.
5.Barney, J.B. (1991), Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage, Journal of Management, 17(1), pp. 99-120.
6.Bhattacharya, C.B., Sen, S. and Korschun, D. (2008), Using Corporate Social Responsibility to Win the War for Talent, Sloan Management Review, 49(2), pp. 37-44.
7.Bodhi (2000), The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya, USA: Wisdom Publications.
8.Clark, C.E. (2000), Differences between Public Relations and Corporate Social Responsibility: An Analysis, Public Relations Review, 26(3), pp. 363-380.
9.Copenhagen Consensus (2015), What are the smartest targets for the post-2015 development agenda? Available from http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/post-2015-consensus?gclid=CLfjqYez39ICFZaOaAodqRsD2g.
10.Emmons, R.A. (2000), Is Spirituality an Intelligence? Motivation, Cognition, and the Psychology of Ultimate Concern, International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10, pp. 3-26.
11.Evans, M.G. (1970), The Effects of Supervisory Behavior on the Path-Goal Relationship, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 5, pp. 277-298.
12.Fatma, M., Rahman, Z. and Khan, I. (2016), Measuring Consumer Perception of CSR in Tourism Industry: Scale Development and Validation, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 27, pp. 39-48.
13.Fombrun, P.M. and Vasquez-Parraga, A.Z. (2013), Consumer Social Responses to CSR Initiatives versus Corporate Abilities Journal of Consumer Marketing, 30, pp. 100-111.
14.Fry, L.W. (2003), Toward a Theory of Spiritual Leadership, The Leadership Quarterly, 14, pp. 693-727.
15.Garavan, T.N., Heraty, N., Rock, A. and Dalton, E. (2010), Conceptualizing the Behavioral Barriers to CSR and CS in Organizations: A Typology of HRD Interventions, Advances in Developing Human Resources, 12(5), pp. 587-613.
16.Gond, J.P., Palazzo, G., and Basu, K. (2009), Reconsidering Instrumental Corporate Social Responsibility through the Mafia Metaphor, Business Ethics Quarterly, 19, pp. 55-58.
17.Granados, M.L., Hlupic, V., Coakes, E. and Mohamed, S. (2011), Social Enterprise and Social Entrepreneurship Research and Theory: A Bibliometric Analysis from 1991 to 2010, Social Enterprise Journal, 7(3), pp. 198-218.
18.Hair, J.F.Jr., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E. and Tatham, R.L. (2006), Multivariate Data Analysis, USA: Pearson Prentice Hall.
19.Jafarkarimi, H., Saadatdoost, R., Sim, A.T. and Hee, J.M. (2016), Behavioral Intention in Social Networking Sites Ethical Dilemmas: An Extended Model based on Theory of Planned Behavior, Computers in Human Behavior, 62, pp. 545-561.
20.Kaivo-Oja, J. (2017), Towards a Better Participatory Processes in Technology Foresight: How to Link Participatory Foresight Research to the Methodological Machinery of Qualitative Research and Phenomenology, Futures, 86, pp. 94-106.
21.Khandelwal, R. and Bakshi, S. (2014), The New CSR Regulation in India: The Way Forward, Procedia Economics and Finance, 11, pp. 60-67.
22.Kim, Y.G. and Woo, E. (2016), Consumer Acceptance of a Quick Response (QR) Code for the Food Traceability System: Application of an Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Food Research International, 85, pp. 266-272.
23.Knez-Riedl, J., Mulej, M. and Dyck, R.G. (2006), Corporate Social Responsibility from The viewpoint of Systems Thinking, Kybernetes, 35(3/4), pp. 441-460.
24.Kulkarni, S. and Rao, P. (2014), Comparative Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices across Africa and India – An Automobile Industry Perspective, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 157, pp. 244-253.
25.Mitroff, I.I., and Denton, E.A. (1999), A Study of Spirituality in the Workplace, Sloan Management Review, 40(4), pp. 83-92.
26.Moon, J. (2002), Corporate Social Responsibility: An Overview, Journal of Business Ethics, 23(2), pp. 185-197.
27.Nanda, S.M. and Tan, C.C. (2015), Industry Social Responsibility (ISR) through Theories of Business Ethics: A Case with the Tourism Development in Bagan, Myanmar, International Journal of Business, Management & Social Sciences, Vol. IV, Issue 9(I), pp. 109-113.
28.O’Dwyer, B. (2003), Conceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility: The Nature of Managerial Capture, Accountability Journal, 16(4), pp. 523-527.
29.Porter, M.E. (1985), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, New York, NY: The Free Press.
30.Porter, M.E. and Kramer, M.R. (2011), Strategy & Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility. In Harvard Business Review on Greening Your Business Profitability, Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Review Press, pp. 87-125.
31.Scharmer, C.O. (2008), Theory U: Leading from the Future as it Emerges, San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
32.Schroeder, M.J. and Vallverdu, J. (2015), Situated Phenomenology and Biological Systems: Eastern and Western Synthesis, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 119, pp. 530-537.
33.Srivastava, P., Sharma, N. and Singh, R. (2012), Soft Computing Diagnostic System for Diabetes, International Journal of Computer Applications, 47(18), pp. 22-27.
34.Tan, C.C. (2002), A Critical Revisit to Performance The measurement from the Spirituality Postmodernism and Quantum-Relativisticism. Paper presented to the 2002 Hawaii International Conference on Business, June 18-22.
35.Tan, C.C. (2016), Towards a Phenomenological Theory of Corporate Social Responsibility and its Spirited Services, India: IMRF Publishing House.
36.Tan, C.C., Pornpimol, C. and Aung, Z.M. (2016), An Exploratory Study of Hotel Employees’ States of Engagement and its Horizontal Job Activity and Vertically Supporting Antecedents: A Survey of the Hotels in Nay Pyi Taw and Bagan, Myanmar,
Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation Journal, 1(1), pp. 1-16.
37.Tan, C.C., Srivastava, P. and Zaw, M.L. (2017), A Systems Worldview Approach to Performance Measurement-driven Service Innovation-Enabled Business Model Implementation: A Case with the Hotel Industry in Myanmar, Research in Progress, School of Management, Mae Fah Luang University, Department of Mathematics at Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT), and Ministry of Hotels and Tourism, The Republic of the Union of Myanmar.
38.Yang, J.T. (2012), Identifying the Attributes of Blue Ocean Strategies in Hospitality, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(5), pp. 701-720.
39.Yang, Z. and Su, C. (2014), Institutional Theory in Business Marketing: A Conceptual Framework and Future Directions, Industrial Marketing Management, 43, pp. 721-725.
40.Upadhyay, S. and Upadhyay, N. (2016), A Multi-Criteria Framework to Measure Spiritual Intelligence of University Teachers, Procedia Computer Science, 91, pp. 591-598.
41.Walshe, M. (1987), Thus Have I Heard the Long Discourses of the Buddha: Digha Nikaya, England: Wisdom Publications.
42.Wood, D.J. (2010), Toward Improving Corporate Social Performance, Business Horizons, July-August, pp. 66-73.
43.Zohar, D. and Marshall, I. (2000), SQ: Spiritual Intelligence, The Ultimate Intelligence, London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
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Published
2021-02-21
How to Cite
Dr. Chai Ching Tan. (2021). SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE ENABLED CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. Nimitmai Review Journal, 1(1), 14–24. Retrieved from https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/nmrj/article/view/249202
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