Bungalows: Colonial Architectural Heritage from the Bay of Bengal to Siam

Abstract

This article is part of a research project titled “A Comparative Study of Bungalow Architecture in Thailand and Singapore from the 19th Century to World War II.” The project seeks to explore the critical factors shaping local architectural characteristics, including design concepts, functional spaces, and construction techniques. Additionally, it examines the social contexts that influenced the evolution of bungalow architecture in both Thailand and Singapore. Focusing on Thailand’s bungalow house architecture from the 19th to the early 20th centuries, the article posits that Thai house designs with porches evolved from the bungalow concept introduced from abroad. This adaptation reflects a blend of imported architectural styles with local beliefs, lifestyles, social characteristics, and climatic needs, ultimately leading to unique architectural expressions. The study draws on historical documents related to Siam’s architectural history during the reign of King Rama IV, with a particular focus on the Western influences brought from Singapore. The study synthesized previous research to select significant buildings based on evaluation criteria of architectural characteristics that reflect social and other aspects. Fieldwork was then conducted to survey these buildings.

The bungalow traces its origins to the traditional residences of the Bengali people in the Bay of Bengal region, India. These early dwellings, constructed with clay and bamboo, featured a simple rectangular form with a curved, thatch-covered roof. The eaves extended outward to create a veranda. The bungalow gained popularity during British colonial rule in India, where it became a practical accommodation type for officials. As British influence spread to Singapore, bungalow design was adapted to local conditions and further developed by Western architects. Iconic examples in Singapore include Burkill Hall, Atbara House, Inverturret House, and Eden Hall. Siamese princes and nobles visiting Singapore during this period acquired knowledge of these bungalow designs. Their visits, aimed at studying British advancements, played a significant role in introducing and adapting the bungalow style to Siam, starting with Bangkok.

The research reveals that riverside dwellings in central Thailand during the early Rattanakosin period began transitioning from traditional Thai architectural styles—characterized by raised column foundations and steep roofs—to “Western houses.” These hybrid structures, often made of concrete and wood, featured two stories and balconies designed for foreign residents. Unlike Singaporean bungalows, where porches often served as parking areas for horse carts, Siamese homes used porches as spaces for hosting visitors, reflecting cultural differences in their use. This architectural evolution is exemplified by A Sai Sathan, originally a foreign resort in Ang Sila, Chonburi Province, which later inspired designs for government buildings such as district offices, police stations, residences for land surveying officials, and other official accommodations.