Language Planning through Policy in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore for Unskilled Migrant Workers
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Published:
Jun 1, 2018
Keywords:
Language planning language policy Thailand Malaysia Singapore ASEAN
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Abstract
The ASEAN Community does not have a language policy for the community and only in the ASEAN Charter does it identify English as a working language in ASEAN. However, because of ethnic, religious, and cultural diversity, each country has its own language policies and the results of the implementation of the language policy of each country have both positive and negative impacts on the development of human resources and the maintenance of ethnic identity. In addition, the movement of people within the community has pushed and attracted migration based on labor in ASEAN member countries, especially unskilled workers. This article seeks to explore Thailand's language policy in comparison with Malaysia and Singapore as the destination countries for unskilled workers by studying the language policy as a whole, and how they manage unskilled migrant workers’ language diversity for further research, and to propose suggestions to Thai national language policy makers and ASEAN.
The preliminary results show that Thailand has drafted a language policy but has not yet taken concrete action. The effect of not having a clear language policy has a negative impact on the development of Thai language proficiency at local, national and international levels. It also affects the education of unskilled laborers and children. The language policy of Bahasa Malaysia in Malaysia is an inverse policy, starting with two systems: 1) bilingualism in government schools and 2) three languages: Tamil, Bahasa Malaysia, English used in Tamil schools or Chinese, Bahasa Malaysia, English used in Chinese schools. Later it was changed to use only Bahasa Malaysia, but when the leadership realized that Bahasa Malaysia was disadvantaged in an era of globalization using one language, English was introduced as the medium for teaching mathematics and science. A revised bilingual policy -English and Bahasa Malaysia - is in current use today. For unskilled foreign workers, there is no clear language policy to assist except from the private sector. As for the language policy of Singapore, after independence Singapore leaders implemented bilingualism: English and Mandarin Chinese. This was done to make Singaporeans world citizens without having to change policy later, but it has also had a negative impact on other dialects. Singapore does not have a clear official policy for the development and assistance of language skills for unskilled workers. This study recommends that ASEAN language policy should be one of multilingualism.
Article Details
How to Cite
Srichampa, S., Burarungrot, M., & Samoh, U. (2018). Language Planning through Policy in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore for Unskilled Migrant Workers. Language and Linguistics, 36(2), 89–121. Retrieved from https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/joling/article/view/173341
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บทความทุกบทความเป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของภาษาและภาษาศาสตร์
References
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minorities (pp. 26-71). Kajang: Dong Jiao Zong Higher Learning Centre.
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Literature) programme, National University of Singapore, 30 December.
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Cavallaro, Francesco and Stefan Karl Serwe. (2010.). ‘Language Use and Language Shift among the Malays in Singapore’. Applied Linguistic Review. De Gruyter. 129-168.
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Asian Context (73-93). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Dalarna, Hogskolan. (2011). Speak Good English Movement in Singapore: Reaction in Social and Traditional Media. BA Thesis EN 2015.
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Philippines’. The Linguistics Journal. [Online: www.researchgate.net/publication/287311128_Language_Policies__Impact_on_Language_Maintenance_and_Teaching_Focus_on_
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Springer Netherlands.
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Gill, S. K. (2005). ‘Language Policy in Malaysia: Reversing Direction’. Language Policy. Volume 4, Issue 3, pp 241–260. Springer Netherlands.
Gill, S. K. (2014). Language Policy Challenges in Multi-ethnic Malaysia (Vol. 8). Springer Science & Business Media.
Gintai. (2012). ‘Malay is still the National Language of Singapore’. [Online: https://gintai. wordpress. com/ 2012/ 07/ 03/ malay -is-still-the-national-language-of-singapore/ ]
retrieved August 13, 2017.
Gopinathan et al. (1999). ‘Language Policy Changes 1979-1997: Politics and Pedagogy’. In S. Gopinathan, A. Pakir, W.K. Ho and V. Saravanan (eds). Language, Society and
Education in Singapore: Issues and Trends. [2nd edn, pp.19-44). Singapore: Time Academic Press.
Government Printer Federation of Malaya. (1960). Report of the Education Review Committee. Government Printer Federation of Malaya.
Gupta, A. and Siew, P.K. (1995). ‘Language Shift in a Singapore Family’. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 16(4), 301-313.
Hassan, Ahmad. (1988). Bahasa Sastera Buku Cetusan Fikiran. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Hvitfeldt, C. and Gloria Poedjosoedarmo. (1998). ‘Language Use and Identity across Generations in Singapore’. [Online: sala/archives/pdf8/hvitfeldt1998language.pdf]
retrieved August 12, 2017.Index Mundi. (2017).
‘Singapore Demographics Profile’. [Online: http://www. indexmundi.com/ singapore/demographics_profile.html] retrieved August 6, 2017.
Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University (2014). Migrant children’s education in Thailand: Policy brief. [Online: http://www.ipsr.mahidol.ac.th/ipsrbeta/
FileUpload/PDF/Report-File-503.pdf] retrieved November 3, 2017.
K. S. Kua (Ed.), ‘Mother Tongue Education of Malaysian Ethnic Minorities’. Kajang: Dong Jiao Zong Higher Learning Centre.
Kaur, A. (2007). Migration Matters in the Asia-Pacific Region: Immigration Frameworks, Knowledge Workers and National Policies. International Journal on Multicultural
Societies, 9(2), 135-157.
Kuo, C.Y. (1985). A Quantity Approach to the Study of Sociolinguistic Situation in MultiLinguistic Society. Singapore: Regional English Language Centre. ‘Languages of Singapore’. (n.d.). [Online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Languages_of_Singapore] retrieved August 6, 2017.
Lay, Belmont. (2015). ‘This Guy in S’pore is Teaching English to Migrant Workers to Make the World Suck Less’. [Online: http://mothership.sg/2015/11/this-guy-in-spore-isteaching- english-to-migrant-workers-to-make-the-world-suck-less/ ] retrieved August 13, 2017.
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retrieved August 12, 2017.
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Pete, Aussie. (2008). ‘SINGLISH - A Language Guide for Foreigners’. [Online: http://www.aussiepete.com/2008/05/singlish-language-guide-for-foreigners.html]
retrieved August 8, 2017.
Piper, Nicola. (2005). Migrant Labour in Southeast Asia, Country Study: Singapore.[Online: http://www.fes.de/aktuell/focus_interkulturelles/focus_1/documents/8_000.pdf]
retrieved August 13, 2017.
Platt, J. (1980). ‘Multilingualism, Polyglossia, and Code Selection in Singapore’. In Afendras, E.A. Afendras and Eddie C.Y. Kuo (Eds). Language and society in
Singapore (63-83). Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Premsrirat et al. (2004). Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand. Ministry of Culture and Mahidol University
Sacco, Mathew. (2016). ‘What does Singapore Owe Its Migrant Workers?’ [Online: https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/ethics_online/0114] retrieved August
13, 2017.
Saravanan, V. (1999). ‘Bilingual Chinese, Malay and Tamil’s Children Language Choice in Multi-lingual society’. Early Child Development and Care. 152: 43-54.
Sim Ann. (2016). ‘Policies for Women, Bilingualism among Mr Lee Kuan Yew's Legacies: Sim Ann’. [Online: http://www.todayonline.com/rememberinglky/sim-ann-paystribute-mr-lee-kuan-yew] retrieved August 8, 2017.
Sim, Cheryl. (n.d.). ‘Bilingual Policy’. [Online: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_ 2016-09-01_093402.html] retrieved August 6, 2017.
Sim, Cheryl. (n.d.). ‘Speak Good English Movement’. [Online: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/
infopedia/] retrieved August 12, 2017.
‘Singapore population’. (2017). [Online: http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/] singapore- population/] retrieved August 6, 2017.
Singh, Sinderpal. (2011). ‘Language Policy and Indian Languages in Singapore’. [Online:http://blog.nus.edu. sg/ southasiansoundings/2011/11/28/ language-policy-andindian-languages-in-singapore/] retrieved August 13, 2017.
Stewart, William A. (1968). "Sociolinguistic Typology of Multilingualism," in Readings in the Sociology of Language. Ed. Joshua Fishman. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
Stroud C., and Wee L. (2007). ‘Consuming Identities: Language Planning and Policy in Singaporean Late Modernity’. Language Policy. 6, 253-279.
Tan, K.B. (2007). ‘The Multilingual State in Search of the Nation: The Language Discourse in Singapore’s Nation-Building’. In Lee H.G. and Leo Suryadinata.(Eds). Language
Nation and Development in Southeast Asia (74-117). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asia Studies Publishing.
Teng, Yap Mui. (2015). ‘Immigration and Integration in Singapore’. Migration and Integration in Singapore. Edited by Yap Mui Teng, Gillian Koh and Debbie Soon.
London and New York: Routledge.
Tharmalingam, S. (2012). ‘Language policy changes in Malaysia: progressive or regressive?’. In International Conference on Linguistics, Literature, and Culture
2012 (ICLLIC 2012), 7 - 9 November 2012, Park Royal Hotel Penang.
Warotamasikkhadit, Udom and Person, Kirk. (2011). ‘Development of the National Language Policy (2006-2010) Committee to Draft the National Language Policy
The Royal Institute of Thailand’. The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand. 3, (29-44).
Wasuprasat, Pracha. (2010). Migrant Workers Policy: Pathways to Long-Term Competitiveness. International Labor Organization.
[Online: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---srobangkok/documents/publication/wcms_145133.pdf] retrieved November 3, 2017.
Wong, Tessa. (2015). ‘The rise of Singlish’. [Online: http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine33809914] retrieved August 8, 2017.
Woon, W. (1992, Sep, 13). Eastern versus Western Values. The Straits Times, 3.
Yang, P. K. (1998). ‘Constitutional & legal provision for mother tongue education in Malaysia. In K. S. Kua (Ed.), Mother tongue education of Malaysian ethnic
minorities (pp. 26-71). Kajang: Dong Jiao Zong Higher Learning Centre.
Zainuri, Z. (1998). Speak Mandarin Campaign-A Study of the Opinions of Malay Singaporeans, unpublished paper for the Bachelor of Arts (English Language and
Literature) programme, National University of Singapore, 30 December.