มุมมองของชุมชนชายขอบต่อสายงานในธุรกิจการท่องเที่ยว
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มิ.ย. 21, 2017
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กลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ การรับรู้ สายงานในธุรกิจการท่องเที่ยว การผสมผสานทางวัฒนธรรม
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บทคัดย่อ
การศึกษานี้ได้ดำเนินการในพื้นที่ชุมชนชายขอบของกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์กะเหรี่ยงและม้งในจังหวัดเชียงใหม่ของประเทศไทย โดยมีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อสำรวจการรับรู้ของกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์เหล่านี้ที่มีผลกระทบจากการเข้าทำงานในสายงานการท่องเที่ยว ซึ่งบทความนี้ได้มุ่งที่จะขยายความเข้าใจของทั้งสองกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ที่แตกต่างทางวัฒนธรรมด้วยการพิจารณาจากผู้ที่ประกอบอาชีพในภาคธุรกิจ การท่องเที่ยวของจังหวัดเชียงใหม่ โดยทำการวิเคราะห์เกี่ยวกับการรับรู้ของพนักงานชาวกะเหรี่ยงและม้งต่อผลกระทบที่ปฏิบัติงานให้กับธุรกิจการท่องเที่ยวซึ่งจัดการโดยคนไทย เนื่องด้วยกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์มีจำนวนจำกัด จึงเก็บแบบสอบถามจากจำนวนสองร้อยคน ผลการวิจัยแสดงให้เห็นว่าภูมิหลังทางวัฒนธรรมและชาติพันธุ์ของทั้งสองกลุ่มมีผลกับการรับรู้ต่อผลกระทบจากการทำงานในอุตสาหกรรมการท่องเที่ยวที่แตกต่างกัน โดยกลุ่มม้งที่ทำงานในภาคอุตสาหกรรมการท่องเที่ยวมองเห็นถึงผลกระทบด้านลบมากกว่ากลุ่มกะเหรี่ยงในประเด็นเรื่องการสูญเสียและลืมเลือนวัฒนธรรมประเพณีและความเชื่อของตนเองจากการต้องนำเสนอสิ่งเหล่านั้นเป็นกิจกรรมท่องเที่ยวที่ใช้สนองตอบความต้องการนักท่องเที่ยว ยิ่งไปกว่านั้นกลุ่มม้งยังรับรู้ผลกระทบที่เกิดขึ้นกับตนเองในเรื่องการเปลี่ยนแปลงรูปแบบโครงสร้างในครอบครัวเนื่องจากต้องผันตนเองมาทำงานในสายงานบริการ ซึ่งทำให้มีเวลาทำงานที่ไม่แน่นอนและไม่สามารถมีเวลาใช้ชีวิตกับครอบครัวได้ตามวิถีแบบเดิมอีกต่อไป
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Kaewnuch, K. (2017). มุมมองของชุมชนชายขอบต่อสายงานในธุรกิจการท่องเที่ยว. วารสารการบริการและการท่องเที่ยวไทย, 12(1), 97–112. สืบค้น จาก https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/tourismtaat/article/view/90266
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References
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[20] Eversole, R, McNeish, J., & Cimadamore, A. (2005). Indigenous Peoples and Poverty: An International Perspective. London: Zed Books.
[21] Evrard, O. & Leepreecha, Prasit. (2009). Monks, monarchs and mountain folks. Critique of Anthropology, 29(Suppl. 3), 300-323.
[22] Field, A. (2006). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. London: Sage Publications.
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[33] Madrigal, R. (1993). A Tale of Tourism in Two Cities. Annals of Tourism Research, 20(Suppl. 2), 336-353.
[34] Mason, C. (2014). A Short History of Asia. 3rd ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
[35] McKinnon, J. (2003). Community Culture. In Delang, C. (Ed). Living at the Edge of Thai society: the Karen in the Highlands of Northern Thailand. London and New York: Routledge.
[36] Merleau-Ponty, M. (2002). Phenomenology of Perception. Translated from the French by Colin Smith. London: Routledge.
[37] Murphy, P. E. (1983). Perceptions and Attitudes of Decision Making Groups in Tourism Centers. Journal of Travel Research, 21, 8-12
[38] Nadel, F. S. (1995). The Nuba: An Anthropological Study of the Hill Tribes in Kordofan, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 13(Suppl. 2), 523-524.
[39] Nash, D. (1989). Tourism as a Form of Imperialism. In Smith, V. L. (Ed.), Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
[40] Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS Survival Manual. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
[41] Parry, B. (2007). Tribe: Adventures in a Changing World. London: Michael Joseph.
[42] Peacock, J., & Kerry, S. M. (2007). Presenting Medical Statistics from Proposal to Publication: A Step by Step Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[43] Perdue, R. R., Long, P. T., & Allen, L. R. (1987). Rural Resident Tourism Perceptions and Attitudes. Annals of Tourism Research, 14(Suppl. 3), 420-429.
[44] Pizam, A. (1978). Tourism Impacts: The Social Costs to the Destination Community as Perceived by Its Residents. Journal of Travel Research, 16(Suppl. 4), 8-12.
[45] Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2004). Nursing Research: Principles and Methods. 7th ed. Lippincott: Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
[46] Rajani, B. (2002). Hill Tribe Communities. Chiang Mai: Amarin Printing and Publication.
[47] Reisinger, Y., & Turner, W. L. (2003). Cross-cultural Behaviour in Tourism: Concepts and Analysis. Oxford: Bitterworth-Heinemann.
[48] Royal Project Foundation. (2003). Tourism Development Project in the Areas of Royal Project (Khrongkan Pattana Laeng Thongthiaw Nai Pheunthi Khrongkanluang). Chiang Mai: Royal Project Foundation. (in Thai)
[49] Rungapadiachy, D. (1999). Interpersonal Communication and Psychology for Health Care Professionals: Theory and Practice. London: Elsevier.
[50] Ryan, C., & Montgomery, D. (1994). The Attitudes of Bakewell Residents to Tourism and Issues in Community Responsive Tourism. Tourism Management, 15(Suppl. 5), 358–369.
[51] Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (1991). Intercultural Communication: A Reader. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
[52] Schiffman, L., & Kanuk, L. (1987). Consumer Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
[53] Shoham, V., Rohrbaugh, M. J., Trost, S. E., & Muramoto, M. (2006). A Family Consultation Intervention for Health-Compromised Smokers. National Institutes of Health, 31(Suppl. 4), 395-402.
[54] Smith, A. (2002). The Problem of Perception. America: President and Fellows of Harvard College.
[55] Social Development Center. (2008). Hilltribe. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from http://www.mhsdc.org/interest1.htm
[56] Sooparb, Supatra. (1993). Thai Society and Culture. Bangkok: Wattanapanish.
[57] Sutton, W. A. (1967). Travel and Understanding: Notes on the Social Structure of Touring. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 8(Suppl. 2), 218-223.
[58] Tajfel, H. (1978). Differentiation between Social Groups. London: Academic.
[59] Thailand Development Research Institute. (1997). Compilation of knowledge about Doi Inthanon National Park. (pp. 67-77). Bangkok: TDRI.
[60] Thomason, P. S., Crompton, J. L., & Kamp, B. D. (1979). A Study of the Attitudes of Impacted Groups within a Host Community toward Prolonged Stay Tourist Visitors. Journal of Travel Research, 17(Suppl. 3), 2–6.
[61] Toyata, M. (2005). Subjects of the Nations without Citizenships: The Case of Hill Tribes in Thailand. In Will Kymlicka and Baogang He eds. Multiculturalism in Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[62] Tung, R. L. (1993). Managing Cross-national and International Diversity. Human Resource Management, 32, 461-477.
[63] Turner, J. C. (1981). The Experimental Social Psychology of Intergroup Behaviour. In: Turner, J. C. & Giles, H. (Eds.). Intergroup Behaviour. Blackwell: Oxford.
[64] Tyrrell, T., & Spaulding, I. A. (1984). A Survey of Attitudes toward Tourism Growth in Rhode Island. Hospitality Education and Research Journal, 8(Suppl. 2), 22–33.
[65] Vergunst, P. (2008). Whose Socialisation? Exploring the Social Interaction between Migrants and Communities-of-place in Rural Areas. Population, Space and Place, 15(Suppl. 3), 253-266.
[66] Wall, G. (1996). Perspectives on Tourism in Selected Balinese Villages. Annals of Tourism research, 23(Suppl. 1), 123-127.
[67] Wijeyewardene, G. (1990). Ethnic Groups across National Boundaries in Mainland Southeast Asia. Bangkok: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
[68] Wilson, S., Fesenmaier, D., Fesenmaier, J., & Van Es, J. (2001). Factors for Success in Rural Tourism Development. Journal of Travel Research, 40, 132–138.
[69] Xu, F., Morgan, M., & Song, P. (2009). Students’ Travel Behaviour: A Cross-cultural Comparison of UK and China. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11(Suppl. 3), 255-268.
[2] Allen, L. R., Hafer, H. R., Long, P. T., & Perdue, R. R. (1993). Rural Residents Attitudes toward Recreation and Tourism Development. Journal of Travel Research, 31(Suppl. 4), 27-33.
[3] Andereck, K. L., Valentine, K. M., Knopf, R. C., & Vogt, C. A. (2005). Residents' Perceptions of Community Tourism Impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(Suppl. 2), 1056-1076.
[4] Andriotis, K. (2005). Community Groups’ Perceptions of and Preferences for Tourism Development: Evidence from Crete. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 29(Suppl. 1), 67-90.
[5] Ap, J. (1992). Residents’ Perceptions on Tourism Impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(Suppl. 4), 665-690.
[6] Ap, J., & Crompton, J. L. (1993). Resident Strategies for Responding to Tourism Impacts. Journal of Travel Research, 32(Suppl. 1), 47-50.
[7] Berry, J. W. (1990). Acculturation and Adaptation: A General Framework. In Holtzman, W. H. & Bornemann, T. H. (Eds.). Mental Health of Immigrants and Refugees (pp. 90-102). Austin, TX: Hogg Foundation for Mental Health.
[8] Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, Acculturation and Adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 5-34.
[9] Berry, J. W., & Sam, D. (1996). Acculturation and Adaptation. In Berry, J. W., Segall, M. & Kagitcibasi, C. (Eds.). Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology: Social Behavior and Applications, 3, 291–325.
[10] Brant, C. S. & Khaing, M. M. (1961). Missionaries among the Hill Tribes of Burma. Asian Survey, 1(Suppl. 1), 44-51.
[11] Brislin, R., & Cushner, K. (1996). Intercultural Interactions: A Practical Guide. 2nd ed. London: Sage Publications.
[12] Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an Experimental Ecological of Human Development. American Psychologist, 32, 513-531.
[13] Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
[14] Brougham, J. E., & Butler R. W. (1981). A Segmentation Analysis of Resident Attitudes to the Social, Impact of Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 7(Suppl. 4), 569–589.
[15] Buadaeng, Kwanchawan. (2004). Karen Tribe and Changes in Their Way of Lives. Chiang Mai: Social Research Publication.
[16] Community Based Tourism Institute (CBT-I). (2008). Community Based Tourism. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from http://www.cbt-i.org/community_develop.php?id=11.
[17] Cohen, E. (1989). Primitive and Remote, Hill Tribe Trekking in Thailand. Annals of Tourism Research. 16(1), 30-61.
[18] Cohen, E. (2000). The Commercialization of the Arts and Crafts of Thailand. London: Curzon Press.
[19] Cummings, J. (2005). Thailand. London: Routledge.
[20] Eversole, R, McNeish, J., & Cimadamore, A. (2005). Indigenous Peoples and Poverty: An International Perspective. London: Zed Books.
[21] Evrard, O. & Leepreecha, Prasit. (2009). Monks, monarchs and mountain folks. Critique of Anthropology, 29(Suppl. 3), 300-323.
[22] Field, A. (2006). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. London: Sage Publications.
[23] Fine, M. G., Johnson, F. L. & Ryan, M. S. (1990). Cultural Diversity in the Workplace. Public Personal Management, 19, 305-319.
[24] Granrose, C. S. & Oskamp, S. (1997). Cross-cultural Work Groups: Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology. London: Sage Publications.
[25] Haakonssen, K. (2006). The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[26] Hall, C. M. (1994). Gender and Economic Interests in Tourism Prostitution. In Kinnaird, V. & Hall, D. (Eds.). Tourism: A Gender Analysis. Chichester: Wiley.
[27] Hall, G. & Patrinos, H. A. (2006). Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development in Latin America. London: Palgrave.
[28] Husband, W. (1989). Social Status and Perception of Tourism in Zambia. Annals of Tourism Research, 16(Suppl. 2), 237-253.
[29] Jurowski, C., Uysal, M., & Williams, D. R. (1997). A Theoretical Analysis of Host Community Resident Reactions to Tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 36 (Suppl. 2), 3-11.
[30] Klein, K. (2007). Fundraising for Social Change. 5th ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
[31] Lankford, S. (1994). Attitudes and Perceptions toward Tourism and Rural Regional Development. Journal of Travel Research, 32(Suppl. 2), 35-43.
[32] Lawson, R. W., Williams, J., Young, T. & Cossens, J. (1998). A Comparison of Residents’ Attitudes towards Tourism in 10 New Zealand Destinations. Tourism Management, 19, 247–256.
[33] Madrigal, R. (1993). A Tale of Tourism in Two Cities. Annals of Tourism Research, 20(Suppl. 2), 336-353.
[34] Mason, C. (2014). A Short History of Asia. 3rd ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
[35] McKinnon, J. (2003). Community Culture. In Delang, C. (Ed). Living at the Edge of Thai society: the Karen in the Highlands of Northern Thailand. London and New York: Routledge.
[36] Merleau-Ponty, M. (2002). Phenomenology of Perception. Translated from the French by Colin Smith. London: Routledge.
[37] Murphy, P. E. (1983). Perceptions and Attitudes of Decision Making Groups in Tourism Centers. Journal of Travel Research, 21, 8-12
[38] Nadel, F. S. (1995). The Nuba: An Anthropological Study of the Hill Tribes in Kordofan, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 13(Suppl. 2), 523-524.
[39] Nash, D. (1989). Tourism as a Form of Imperialism. In Smith, V. L. (Ed.), Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
[40] Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS Survival Manual. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
[41] Parry, B. (2007). Tribe: Adventures in a Changing World. London: Michael Joseph.
[42] Peacock, J., & Kerry, S. M. (2007). Presenting Medical Statistics from Proposal to Publication: A Step by Step Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[43] Perdue, R. R., Long, P. T., & Allen, L. R. (1987). Rural Resident Tourism Perceptions and Attitudes. Annals of Tourism Research, 14(Suppl. 3), 420-429.
[44] Pizam, A. (1978). Tourism Impacts: The Social Costs to the Destination Community as Perceived by Its Residents. Journal of Travel Research, 16(Suppl. 4), 8-12.
[45] Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2004). Nursing Research: Principles and Methods. 7th ed. Lippincott: Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
[46] Rajani, B. (2002). Hill Tribe Communities. Chiang Mai: Amarin Printing and Publication.
[47] Reisinger, Y., & Turner, W. L. (2003). Cross-cultural Behaviour in Tourism: Concepts and Analysis. Oxford: Bitterworth-Heinemann.
[48] Royal Project Foundation. (2003). Tourism Development Project in the Areas of Royal Project (Khrongkan Pattana Laeng Thongthiaw Nai Pheunthi Khrongkanluang). Chiang Mai: Royal Project Foundation. (in Thai)
[49] Rungapadiachy, D. (1999). Interpersonal Communication and Psychology for Health Care Professionals: Theory and Practice. London: Elsevier.
[50] Ryan, C., & Montgomery, D. (1994). The Attitudes of Bakewell Residents to Tourism and Issues in Community Responsive Tourism. Tourism Management, 15(Suppl. 5), 358–369.
[51] Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (1991). Intercultural Communication: A Reader. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
[52] Schiffman, L., & Kanuk, L. (1987). Consumer Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
[53] Shoham, V., Rohrbaugh, M. J., Trost, S. E., & Muramoto, M. (2006). A Family Consultation Intervention for Health-Compromised Smokers. National Institutes of Health, 31(Suppl. 4), 395-402.
[54] Smith, A. (2002). The Problem of Perception. America: President and Fellows of Harvard College.
[55] Social Development Center. (2008). Hilltribe. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from http://www.mhsdc.org/interest1.htm
[56] Sooparb, Supatra. (1993). Thai Society and Culture. Bangkok: Wattanapanish.
[57] Sutton, W. A. (1967). Travel and Understanding: Notes on the Social Structure of Touring. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 8(Suppl. 2), 218-223.
[58] Tajfel, H. (1978). Differentiation between Social Groups. London: Academic.
[59] Thailand Development Research Institute. (1997). Compilation of knowledge about Doi Inthanon National Park. (pp. 67-77). Bangkok: TDRI.
[60] Thomason, P. S., Crompton, J. L., & Kamp, B. D. (1979). A Study of the Attitudes of Impacted Groups within a Host Community toward Prolonged Stay Tourist Visitors. Journal of Travel Research, 17(Suppl. 3), 2–6.
[61] Toyata, M. (2005). Subjects of the Nations without Citizenships: The Case of Hill Tribes in Thailand. In Will Kymlicka and Baogang He eds. Multiculturalism in Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[62] Tung, R. L. (1993). Managing Cross-national and International Diversity. Human Resource Management, 32, 461-477.
[63] Turner, J. C. (1981). The Experimental Social Psychology of Intergroup Behaviour. In: Turner, J. C. & Giles, H. (Eds.). Intergroup Behaviour. Blackwell: Oxford.
[64] Tyrrell, T., & Spaulding, I. A. (1984). A Survey of Attitudes toward Tourism Growth in Rhode Island. Hospitality Education and Research Journal, 8(Suppl. 2), 22–33.
[65] Vergunst, P. (2008). Whose Socialisation? Exploring the Social Interaction between Migrants and Communities-of-place in Rural Areas. Population, Space and Place, 15(Suppl. 3), 253-266.
[66] Wall, G. (1996). Perspectives on Tourism in Selected Balinese Villages. Annals of Tourism research, 23(Suppl. 1), 123-127.
[67] Wijeyewardene, G. (1990). Ethnic Groups across National Boundaries in Mainland Southeast Asia. Bangkok: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
[68] Wilson, S., Fesenmaier, D., Fesenmaier, J., & Van Es, J. (2001). Factors for Success in Rural Tourism Development. Journal of Travel Research, 40, 132–138.
[69] Xu, F., Morgan, M., & Song, P. (2009). Students’ Travel Behaviour: A Cross-cultural Comparison of UK and China. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11(Suppl. 3), 255-268.