Understanding bacterial virulence and combating multidrug resistance in tropical Southeast Asia

Abstract

This study aimed to 1) investigate the factors contributing to bacterial pathogenicity and 2) identify evidence-based strategies for prevention and control, with a focus on tropical environments like Thailand. A systematic review was conducted using peer-reviewed journals, government reports, and publicly available datasets published between 2000 and 2024. Key databases included PubMed, SpringerLink, and ScienceDirect. Studies were selected based on relevance to bacterial virulence, environmental impacts, and regional health strategies. Data were synthesized thematically around core concepts such as adhesion, invasion, toxin production, and antimicrobial resistance. Virulence in bacteria is driven by molecular factors and significantly influenced by environmental conditions such as climate change, pollution, and antibiotic misuse. Case studies from Thailand demonstrated both successful interventions (e.g., antibiotic stewardship, photodynamic therapy) and challenges in controlling bacterial spread. Regional insights emphasized the role of public health infrastructure and environmental management. Addressing bacterial pathogenicity requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates microbiological knowledge, environmental science, and public health policy. Tailored strategies are essential for reducing bacterial threats in tropical and resource-constrained regions, and further research should bridge the gap between scientific discovery and practical implementation.