Implementation of English Competency-Based Curriculum in Public Sandbox Schools in Thailand’s Deep South
Main Article Content
Abstract
An English competency-based curriculum (CBC) policy has recently been proposed and implemented by the Ministry of Education (MoE) at public sandbox schools in education innovation areas around Thailand. Little is known about CBC policy implementation in Thailand’s Deep South. This study explores voices of the key stakeholders—school administrators, teachers, teacher educator and parents—regarding CBC policy implementation in Narathiwat, one of the three southernmost provinces. Drawing upon a reflexive thematic analysis of the interview transcripts of fifteen stakeholders, the findings reveal four key factors underpinning effective English CBC policy implementation: policy implementation at the school level, influence of sociocultural and linguistic contexts, the support of the MoE, and the inclusive engagement of stakeholders. Though this study was conducted in only one southern province, its implications may help policy makers, educational administrators, and relevant parties recognize issues attending the implementation of English CBC in public sandbox schools in all of Thailand’s southernmost provinces—this corresponds to the advocacy of equal opportunities and education equity (SDG 4 Quality Education) for all.
Article Details
References
Ai-man, E., Naree, K., & Ouppinjai, S. (2022). Modern supervisors:
Adapting to challenges in a changing world. Journal of Educational Administration and Leadership, 10(39), 1-8.
Akkaraputtapong, P. (2020). The supervisory behaviour preference of
Thailand’s in-service teachers [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of New South Wales, Australia.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis.
Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise, and Health, 11(4), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806
Chambers, P., Jitpiromsri, S., & Waitoolkiat, N. (2019). Conflict in the
Deep South of Thailand: Never-ending stalemate? Asian
International Studies Review, 20(Special Issue), 1-23.
Chompucot, C. (2011). Major factors affecting educational policy implementation
effectiveness for the three southernmost provinces of Thailand as perceived by
school directors. [Doctoral dissertation, National Institute for Development Administration, Thailand]. http://libdcms.nida.ac.th/thesis6/2011/b171170.pdf
Drisko, J.W. (2025). Transferability and generalization in qualitative
research. Research on Social Work Practice, 35(1), 102–110.
Engward, H., Goldspink, S., Iancu, M., Kersey, T., & Wood, A. (2022).
Togetherness in separation: Practical considerations for doing
remote qualitative interviews ethically. International Journal of
Qualitative Methods, 21.
https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211073212
Equitable Education Fund (2021). Teachers and Equitable Education Thailand.
Equitable Education Conference 2021. EEF.
Halkias, D., Neubert, M., Thurman, P.W., & Harkiolakis, N. (2022). The
Multiple case study design: Methodology and application for management
education. Routledge.
Hiliya, A.A., Tambari, U., Sarkingobir, Y., Hamza, A., & Ashafa, N.A.
(2022). Instructional supervision and teacher effectiveness in senior
secondary schools in Tambuwal Local Government Area, Sokoto
State, Nigeria. International Journal of Research in STEM Education
(IJRSE), 4(2), 58-74.
Hiranburana, K., Subphadoongchone, P., Tangkiengsirisin, S.,
Phoochaeoensil, S., Gainey, J., Thogsongsri, J., Sumonsriworakun, P., Somphong, M., Sappapan, P., & Taylor, P. (2017). A framework of reference for English language education in Thailand (FRELE-TH) ― based on the CEFR, The Thai experience. LEARN Journal, 10(2), 90-119.
Hoque, K. E., Bt Kenayathulla, H. B., D/O Subramaniam, M. V., & Islam,
R. (2020). Relationships between supervision and teachers’
performance and attitude in secondary schools in Malaysia. SAGE
Open, 10(2). doi.org/10.1177/2158244020925501
Inphoo, P., & Nomnian, S. (2019). Dramatizing a Northeastern Thai
folklore to lessen high school students’ communication anxiety.
PASAA, 57(1), 33-66.
Janpor, F. (2024). National security and political space for youth in
Thailand’s Deep South. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 51(3),
-205.
Muthanna, A., & Sang, G. (2023). A conceptual model of the factors
affecting education policy implementation. Education Sciences, 13(3),
doi.org/10.3390/ educsci13030260
Naderifar, M., Goli, H., & Ghaljaie, F. (2017). Snowball sampling: A
purposeful method of sampling in qualitative research. Strides
Development in Medical Education, 14(3), e67670.
https://doi.org/10.5812/sdme.67670
Nomnian, S., & Arphattananon, T. (2018). School administrators’
competencies for effective English language teaching and learning in
Thai government primary schools. IAFOR Journal of Education, 6(2),
-69.
Peace Survey Network (2019). Seven policy recommendations for the Deep
South/Patani. Sasawaka Peace Foundation.
Quintela Do Carmo, G., Vinuesa, V., Dembélé, M., & Ayotte-Beaudet, J.-P.
(2024). Going beyond adaptation: An integrative review and ethical considerations of semi-structured interviews with elementary-aged children. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23, 16094069241247474.
Ra-ngubtook, W., & Bhongsatiern, J. (2022). Basic education in Thailand.
In L.P. Symaco & M. Hayden, M. (Eds.), International handbook on education in South East Asia (pp.1-25). Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8136-3_21-1
Ridder, H.-G. (2017). The theory contribution of case study research
designs. Business Research, 10, 281–305.
Rueangdej, C., & Nomnian, S. (2021). Stakeholders’ insights into migrant
students’ experiences in a Thai public school: A linguistic ecological
perspective. Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 14(2), 243-
Rukspollmuang, C., & Fry, G.W. (2022). Overview of Education in
Thailand. In L.P. Symaco & M. Hayden, M. (Eds.), International
Handbook on Education in South East Asia (pp.1-31). Springer
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8136-3_24-1
Saemee, K., & Nomnian, S. (2021). Cultural representations in ELT
textbooks used in a multicultural school. rEFLections, 28(1), 107-
Savski, K. (2023). CEFR and the ELT practitioner: Empowerment or
enforcement? ELT Journal, 77(1), 62-71.
Shepherd, E., & Ainsworth, V. (2017). English impact: An evaluation of
English language capability. British Council.
Songnuan, N., & Nomnian, S. (2023). Science students’ motivational
orientations of EFL reading through the lens of self-determination
theory. rEFLections, 30(1), 104-131.
Soparat, S., Arnold, S.R., & Klaysom, S. (2015). The development of Thai
learners’ key competencies by project-based learning using ICT.
International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 1(1), 11-22.
Thipatdee, G. (2021). The development of English competency-based
curriculum integrated with local community for high school
students. Journal of Education and Learning, 10(1), 39-46.
Thummaphan, P., Sripa, K., & Prakobthong, W. (2022). Competency-based
school curriculum: A development and implementation framework.
Rajabhat Chiang Mai Research Journal, 23(3), 185-205.
Uddin, M.N., & Sarntisart, S. (2023). The schooling gap between the Deep
South and the rest of the South in Thailand. Defence and Peace
Economics, 34(2), 199-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2022.2027183
Uddin, M.N., Sarntisart, S., Mahbub, A., & Rahmatullah, A. B. M. (2023).
Power of education in economic conflicts: How the Deep South
differs from other southern provinces in Thailand? Asia-Pacific
Journal of Regional Science, 7(3), 987-1005.
UNICEF (2019). Bridge to a brighter tomorrow: The Patani Malay-Thai
multilingual education programme. UNICEF.
Vibulphol, J., Prabjandee, D., Chantharattana, M., & Bupphachuen, P.
(2021). English teachers’ understanding of Thailand Basic
Education Core Curriculum. English Language Teaching, 14(11), 128-
Viennet, R., & Pont, B. (2017). Education policy implementation: A literature
review and proposed framework. OECD Education Working Paper No. 162.
Widiawati, D., & Savski, K. (2020). Primary-level English-medium
instruction in a minority language community: any space for the
local language? Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development,