Exploring Self-Regulated Learning and Motivational Strategies in a Flipped Classroom: Implications for Academic Achievement
Main Article Content
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing shift in education towards learning that extends beyond traditional classroom settings. With the rise of digital technologies and the prevalence of self-directed learning environments, teachers are increasingly interested in how students take control of their learning. As traditional classroom structures give way to more flexible, learner-centred environments, understanding how students engage in self-regulated learning (SRL) and self-motivation outside the classroom has become crucial. The flipped classroom provides a unique context for investigating SRL strategies and motivational beliefs, as it requires students to take greater responsibility for their learning both in and out of class. This study aimed to explore students’ perceptions of (1) self-regulated learning strategies and (2) motivational beliefs, as well as to investigate the relationship between SRL strategies and academic achievement, based on a sample of 52 first-year EFL students. The data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, and an English achievement test. The findings highlight the importance of self-evaluation and intrinsic motivation in maintaining academic focus. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between English achievement scores, learning strategies, and self-evaluation, underscoring the importance of structured self-regulated learning practices in supporting language proficiency development.
Article Details
References
Agirman, N., & Ercoskun, M. H. (2022). History of the flipped classroom
model and uses of the flipped classroom concept. International Journal of Curriculum and Instructional Studies, 12(1), 78-88.
Aidoo, B., Tsyawo, J., Quansah, F., & Boateng, S. K. (2022). Students’
learning experiences in a flipped classroom: A case study in Ghana. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology, 18(1), 67-85.
Akçayır, G., & Akçayır, M. (2018). The flipped classroom: A review of its
advantages and challenges. Computers & Education, 126, 334-345.
Al-Abdullatif, A. M. (2020). Investigating self-regulated learning and
academic achievement in an eLearning environment: The case of K-12 flipped classroom. Cogent Education, 7(1), 1835145.
Al-Naabi, I. S. (2020). Is it worth flipping? The impact of flipped
classroom on EFL students’ grammar. English Language Teaching, 13(6), 64-75.
Al-Samarraie, H., Shamsuddin, A., & Alzahrani, A. I. (2020). A flipped
classroom model in higher education: A review of the evidence across disciplines. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(3), 1017-1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-019-09718-8
Amri, Z. (2024). Self-regulated learning and academic achievement in the
EFL classroom. Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied
Linguistics, 6(1), https://doi.org/10.32996/jeltal.2024.6.1.11
Avakyan, E. I., & Taylor, D. C. M. (2024). The effect of flipped learning on
students’ basic psychological needs and its association with self-esteem. BMC Medical Education, 24(1), 1127.
Bai, B., & Wang, J. (2023). The role of growth mindset, self-efficacy and
intrinsic value in self-regulated learning and English language learning achievements. Language Teaching Research, 27(1), 207-228.
Baig, M. I., & Yadegaridehkordi, E. (2023). Flipped classroom in higher
education: A systematic literature review and research challenges. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00430-5
Botella, Á. G., García-Martínez, S., García, N. M., Olaya-Cuartero, J., &
Ferriz-Valero, A. (2021). Flipped learning to improve students’ motivation in physical education. Acta Gymnica.
Broadbent, J., Panadero, E., Lodge, J. M., & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. (2023).
The self-regulation for learning online (SRL-O) questionnaire. Metacognition and Learning, 18(1), 135-163.
Cassia, F., & Magno, F. (2024). The value of self-determination theory in
marketing studies: Insights from the application of PLS-SEM and NCA to anti-food waste apps. Journal of Business Research, 172, 114454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114454
Challob, A. I. (2021). The effect of flipped learning on EFL students’
writing performance, autonomy, and motivation. Education and Information Technologies, 26(4), 3743-3769.
Chen, C. M., Chen, L. C., & and Yang, S. M. (2019). An English
vocabulary learning app with self-regulated learning mechanism to improve learning performance and motivation. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 32(3), 237-260.
Chen Hsieh, J. S., Wu, W. C. V., & Marek, M. W. (2017). Using the
flipped classroom to enhance EFL learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 30(1–2), 1-21.
Cho, H. J., Zhao, K., Lee, C. R., Runshe, D., & Krousgrill, C. (2021). Active
learning through flipped classroom in mechanical engineering: Improving students’ perception of learning and performance. International Journal of STEM Education, 8(1), 46.
Chou, C. P., Chen, K. W., & Hung, C. J. (2021). A study on flipped learning
concerning learning motivation and learning attitude in language learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Conceptualizations of intrinsic
motivation and self-determination. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior (pp. 11–40). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7_2
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in
human behavior. Springer Science & Business Media.
Dent, A. L., & Koenka, A. C. (2016). The relation between self-regulated
learning and academic achievement across childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 28(3), 425–474.
DiBenedetto, M. K., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2010). Differences in self-
regulatory processes among students studying science: A microanalytic investigation. International Journal of Educational & Psychological Assessment, 5(1).
Dirkx, K. J. H., Camp, G., Kester, L., & Kirschner, P. A. (2019). Do
secondary school students make use of effective study strategies
when they study on their own? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33(5), 952–957. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3584
Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Motivational beliefs, values, and goals.
Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 109-132.
Erdil-moody, Z., & Thompson, A. S. (2020). Exploring motivational
strategies in higher education: Student and instructor perceptions. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 6(3).
Erturan Ilker, G., Arslan, Y., & Demirhan, G. (2014). A validity and
reliability study of the motivated strategies for learning
questionnaire. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 14(3), 829–833.
Fatima, S., Pallath, V., & Hong, W. H. (2025). Validation of the motivated
strategies for learning questionnaire among clinical clerkship students in Malaysia. PLOS ONE, 20(4), e0319763.
Feiz, P., Hooman, H. A., & kooshki, S. (2013). Assessing the motivated
strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ) in Iranian students:
construct validity and reliability. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1820-1825.
Fisher, R., Tran, Quyen, & and Verezub, E. (2024). Teaching English as a
foreign language in higher education using flipped learning/flipped classrooms: A literature review. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 18(4), 332-351.
Gao, Z., & Newton, M. (2009). Examining the mediating role of strategy
use on students’ motivation and persistence/effort in physical education. Journal of Sport Behavior, 32(3), 278-298.
Gómez-Miñambres, J. (2012). Motivation through goal setting. Journal of
Economic Psychology, 33(6), 1223-1239.
Grice, T. (2007). Oxford English for careers nursing 1. Oxford University Press.
http://thuvienso.thanglong.edu.vn/handle/TLU/9001
Gu, P., & Lee, Y. (2019). Promoting students’ motivation and use of SRL
strategies in the web-based mathematics learning environment. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 47(3), 391-410.
Guilloteaux, M. J., & Dörnyei, Z. (2008). Motivating language learners: A
classroom-oriented investigation of the effects of motivational strategies on student motivation. TESOL Quarterly, 42(1), 55-77.
Gwo-Jen, H., Chiu-Lin, L., & Siang-Yi, W. (2015). Seamless flipped
learning: A mobile technology-enhanced flipped classroom with effective learning strategies. Journal of Computers in Education, 2(4), 449-473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-015-0043-0
Hewitt, K. K., Journell, W., & Zilonka, R. (2014). What the flip: Impact of
flipped instruction on self-regulated learning. International Journal of Social Media and Interactive Learning Environments, 2(4), 303-325.
Hung, H. T. (2015). Flipping the classroom for English language learners to
foster active learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 28(1), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2014.967701
Ishak, T., Kurniawan, R., Zainuddin, Z., & Keumala, C. M. (2020). The role
of pre-class asynchronous online video lectures in flipped-class instruction: Identifying students’ perceived need satisfaction. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 4(1), 1-11.
Jafarigohar, M., Khoshsima, H., Haghighi, H., & Vahdany, F.
(2019). Incorporation of flipped learning into EFL classrooms
performance and perception. Iranian Journal of English for Academic Purposes. 8(3), 1-14.
Judy Shih, H., & Huang, S. C. (2022). EFL learners’ metacognitive
development in flipped learning: A comparative study. Interactive Learning Environments, 30(8), 1448-1460.
Khairol Anuar, N. A., Zakaria, N., Ibrahim, N., Mokhtar, M. I., Jasman, N.
H., Mohd Yunos, D. R., & Rahmat, N. H. (2023). The influence of learners’ motivation and self-regulated learning behaviour. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(6), 520-536. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i6/17114
Lewis, C. E., Chen, D. C., & Relan, A. (2018). Implementation of a flipped
classroom approach to promote active learning in the third-year surgery clerkship. The American Journal of Surgery, 215(2), 298-303.
Li, S., He, J., Tao, Y., & Liu, X. (2025). The effects of flipped classroom
approach in EFL teaching: Can we strategically use the flipped method to acquire communicative competence? Language Teaching Research, 29(3), 1165-1188.
Loh, E. K. Y. (2019). What we know about expectancy-value theory, and
how it helps to design a sustained motivating learning environment. System, 86, 102119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2019.102119
Mahmoodi, M. H., Kalantari, B., & Ghaslani, R. (2014). Self-regulated
learning (SRL), motivation and language achievement of Iranian EFL learners. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 1062-1068.
Martínez-López, Z., Nouws, S., Villar, E., Mayo, M. E., & Tinajero, C.
(2023). Perceived social support and self-regulated learning: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 5, 100291.
Namaziandost, E., & Çakmak, F. (2020). An account of EFL learners’ self-
efficacy and gender in the flipped classroom model. Education and Information Technologies, 25(5), 4041-4055.
Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (2020). Self-regulation theories. In B. M.
Newman & P. R. Newman (Eds.), Theories of adolescent development (pp. 213–243). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815450-2.00008-5
Ng, L. K., & Lo, C. K. (2022). Flipped classroom and gamification
approach: Its impact on performance and academic commitment on sustainable learning in education. Sustainability, 14(9).
Nielsen, K. L. (2023). Why can the flipped classroom frustrate students?
Experiences from an engineering mathematics course. Education Sciences, 13(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040396
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic
analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–1.
Oraif, I. M. K. (2018). An investigation into the impact of the flipped classroom on
intrinsic motivation (IM) and learning outcomes on an EFL writing course at a university in Saudi Arabia based on self-determination Theory (SDT) [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Leicester].
Panadero, E. (2017). A review of self-regulated learning: Six models and
four directions for research. Frontiers in Psychology, 8.
Pintrich, P. R. (2000). The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning.
In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-Regulation (pp. 451-502). Academic Press.
Rasheed, R. A., Kamsin, A., Abdullah, N. A., Kakudi, H. A., Ali, A. S.,
Musa, A., & Yahaya, A. S. (2020). Self-regulated learning in flipped classrooms: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 10(11).
Reid, R. R., Harris, K. R., Graham, S., & Rock, M. (2012). Self-regulation
among students with LD and ADHD. In B. Wong & D. Butler (Eds.), Learning About Learning Disabilities (4 th ed., pp. 141–173). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-388409-1.00005-9
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations:
Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a
self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61, 101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860
Sahranavard, S., Miri, M. R., & Salehiniya, H. (2018). The relationship
between self-regulation and educational performance in students. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 7(1), 154.
Samiee Zafarghandi, M. (2018). The effect of flip learning on students’ self-
efficacy and academic achievement. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3154001
Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2003). Self-regulation and learning. In
Handbook of Psychology (pp. 59–78). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seli, H. (2019). Motivation and learning strategies for college success: A focus on self-
regulated learning (6th ed.). Routledge.
Sergent, T., Daniel, M., Bouchet, F., & Carron, T. (2024). How can self-
evaluation and self-efficacy skills of young learners be scaffolded in a web application? IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 17, 1184-1197. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2024.3360121
Shih, H. J., & Huang, S. C. (2020). College students’ metacognitive strategy
use in an EFL flipped classroom. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(7), 755-784. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2019.1590420
Silverajah, V. S. G., Wong, S. L., Govindaraj, A., Khambari, M. N. Md.,
Rahmat, R. W. B. O. K., & Deni, A. R. M. (2022). A systematic review of self-regulated learning in flipped classrooms: Key findings, measurement methods, and potential directions. IEEE Access, 10, 20270–20294. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3143857
Skinner, E. A., Chi, U., & The learning-gardens educational
assessment group 1. (2012). Intrinsic motivation and engagement as “active ingredients” in garden-based education: Examining models and measures derived from self-determination theory. The Journal of Environmental Education, 43(1), 16-36.
Sun, J. C. Y., Wu, Y. T., & Lee, W. I. (2017). The effect of the flipped
classroom approach to OpenCourseWare instruction on students’ self-regulation. British Journal of Educational Technology, 48(3), 713-729.
Sungur, S., & Güngören, S. (2009). The role of classroom environment
perceptions in self-regulated learning and science achievement. Elementary Education Online, 8(3).
Tang, T., Abuhmaid, A. M., Olaimat, M., Oudat, D. M., Aldhaeebi, M., &
Bamanger, E. (2023). Efficiency of flipped classroom with online-based teaching under COVID-19. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(2), 1077–1088. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1817761
Turan, Z., & Akdag-Cimen, B. (2020). Flipped classroom in English
language teaching: A systematic review. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(5-6), 590-606.
Valle, A., Núñez Perez, J. C., Cabanach, R. G., González-Pienda, J. A.,
Rodríguez, S., Rosário, P., Cerezo, R., & Muñoz-Cadavid, M. A. (2008). Self-regulated profiles and academic achievement. 20(4), 724-731.
van Alten, D. C. D., Phielix, C., Janssen, J., & Kester, L. (2020). Self-
regulated learning support in flipped learning videos enhances learning outcomes. Computers & Education, 158, 104000.
Velegol, S. B., Zappe, S. E., & Mahoney, E. (2015). The evolution of a
flipped classroom: Evidence-based recommendations. Advances in Engineering Education, 4(3).
Wafula, F. N. (2021). Aspects of classroom environment as predictors of self-regulated
learning among students in public secondary schools in Bungoma county, Kenya [Unpublished master dissertation] Kenya University.
Wang, F. H. (2021). Interpreting log data through the lens of learning
design: Second-order predictors and their relations with learning outcomes in flipped classrooms. Computers & Education, 168, 104209.
Wang, H., Wang, S., Tlili, A., Li, M., Yang, D., Adarkwah, M. A., Zhu, X.,
Zhu, L., Huang, R., & Kuai, H. (2025). The combined effects of goal attributes, motivational beliefs, creativity and grit on self-regulation in online ill-structured problem solving: A fsQCA approach. BMC Psychology, 13(1), 27.
Wong, J., Baars, M., He, M., de Koning, B. B., & Paas, F. (2021). Facilitating
goal setting and planning to enhance online self-regulation of learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 124, 106913.
Xiao, Y., & Yang, M. (2019). Formative assessment and self-regulated
learning: How formative assessment supports students’ self-regulation in English language learning. System, 81, 39-49.
Xu, Z., Zhao, Y., Liew, J., Zhou, X., & Kogut, A. (2023). Synthesizing
research evidence on self-regulated learning and academic achievement in online and blended learning environments: A scoping review. Educational Research Review, 39, 100510.
Yarin, A. J., Encalada, I. A., Elias, J. W., Surichaqui, A. A., Sulca, R. E., &
Pozo, F. (2022). Relationship between motivation and academic performance in Peruvian undergraduate students in the subject mathematics. Education Research International, 2022(1), 3667076.
Zahid, L., & Cheema, A. U. (2023). An investigation of the impact of
positive and negative reinforcement in motivating student’s learning. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 7(2).
Zhang, Y., & Dong, L. (2022). A study of the impacts of motivational
regulation and self-regulated second-language writing strategies on college students’ proximal and distal writing enjoyment and anxiety. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.
Zheng, L., Bhagat, K. K., Zhen, Y., & Zhang, X. (2020). The effectiveness
of the flipped classroom on students’ learning achievement and
learning motivation: A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 23(1), 1-15.
Zimmerman, B. J. (1990). Self-regulated learning and academic
achievement: An overview. Educational Psychologist, 25(1), 3–17.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive
perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 13-39). Academic Press.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview.
Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 64-70.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2015). Self-regulated learning: Theories, measures, and
outcomes. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (2nd ed., pp. 541-546). Elsevier.