The Era of COVID-19: Crises and Opportunities in Life of People Living with Depression
Keywords:
Depression, COVID-19, AgencyAbstract
This article attempts to explore the life experiences of patients living with depression by using the COVID-19 epidemic phenomenon as a field to reveal “the ontological pluralities of depressive disorder(s)” in which the patients define and interpret the world of depression in complex and different ways. For some patients, COVID-19 has transformed their social-life rhythm into suffering conditions; some on the other hand, think that COVID-19 creates an opportunitiy for them to re-evaluate the life value and meaning of life as well as creating conditions for them to showcase their agency, to take action, and to rekindle the relationships that were distanced from the changes in social structures. The narratives of depressed patients amidst the pandemic help unfold the fact that ‘depression’ is too intricate to be reduced to a constructed bio-psychological entity as perceived under the mainstream psychiatric discourse which derectly defines depression as ‘a pathology inside the individual’. On the contrary, the disorder itself also contains the dimension of socio-cultural construct as a product that creates a dynamic interaction between the structure and the agency which makes us give an emphasis on the subjective lifeworld and local meaning of people living with depression.
References
กนกวรา พวงประยงค์. 2564. “สถานการณ์ผลกระทบ ความต้องการการช่วยเหลือ และการปรับตัวของคนวัยทำงานในช่วงการแพร่ระบาดของโควิด-19: การศึกษาเชิงประจักษ์ในกรุงเทพมานคร.” วารสารสุทธิปริทัศน์ 35 (1): 266–286.
กนกวรา พวงประยงค์ และสานิตย์ หนูนิล. 2563. “ผลสำรวจ: ผลกระทบ การปรับตัว และการมีพฤติกรรมช่วยเหลือสังคมในภาวะวิกฤต COVID-19 ของคนวัยทำงานในเขตกรุงเทพมหานครและปริมณฑล.” สืบค้นเมื่อ 8 พฤษภาคม 2563. https://www.facebook.com/169059186777803/posts/1149252082091837/?d=n.
กมลเนตร วรรณเสวก. 2557. “บทที่ 31 กลุ่มโรคอารมณ์สองขั้วและกลุ่มโรคซึมเศร้า.” ใน จิตเวช ศิริราช DSM-5. บรรณาธิการโดย นันทวัช สิทธิรักษ์ และคณะ, 169–177. กรุงเทพฯ: ประยูรสาส์นไทย การพิมพ์.
กรมสุขภาพจิต. 2562. รายงานประจำปีกรมสุขภาพจิต ปีงบประมาณ 2562. กรุงเทพฯ: ละม่อม.
พิชัย อิฏฐสกุล และศิริไชย พงษ์สงวนศรี. 2558. โรคซึมเศร้า. ใน จิตเวชศาสตร์ รามาธิบดี. (พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 4). บรรณาธิการโดย มาโนช หล่อตระกูล และปราโมทย์ สุคนิชย์, 167–189. กรุงเทพฯ: ภาควิชาจิตเวชศาสตร์คณะแพทยศาสตร์โรงพยาบาลรามาธิบดี มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล.
มาโนช หล่อตระกูล. 2544. บทที่ 6 ผู้ป่วยซึมเศร้า. ใน คู่มือการดูแลผู้มีปัญหาสุขภาพจิตและจิตเวชสำหรับแพทย์. บรรณาธิการโดย มาโนช หล่อตระกูล, 1–5. กรุงเทพฯ: กรมสุขภาพจิต.
ราชวิทยาลัยจิตแพทย์แห่งประเทศไทย. 2549. บทที่ 23 แนวทางเวชปฏิบัติโรคซึมเศร้า. ในแนวปฏิบัติบริการสาธารณสุข: Quick Reference Guide สำหรับการรักษาผู้ป่วยทั่วไป. บรรณาธิการโดย อภิรักษ์ ปาลวัฒน์วิไชย, 249–257. กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักงานโครงการพัฒนาแนวทางการบริการสาธารณสุข.
อรรถจักษ์ สัตยานุรักษ์, สมชาย ปรีชาศิลปกุล, ประภาส ปิ่นตบแต่ง, บุญเลิศ วิเศษปรีชา, ณฐพงศ์ จิตรนิรัตน์, ธนิต โตอดิเทพย์ และธนพฤกษ์ ชามะรัตน์. 2563. “การแถลงผลการรวบรวมข้อมูลผู้เสียชีวิตและคนที่ “ฆ่าตัวตาย” จากไวรัสโควิด-19 และข้อเสนอแนะ.” สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 พฤษภาคม 2563. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1y9YlYjG72dm7E7S0eH8EE-l0iFwugtIs/view.
Aguero, Jorge, M. 2021. “COVID-19 and the Rise of Intimate Partner Violence.” World Development 137: 1–7.
Ahn, Woo-Kyoung., Caroline C. Proctor, and Elizabeth H. Flanaganb. 2009. “Mental Health Clinicians’ Beliefs About the Biological, Psychological, and Environmental Bases of Mental Disorders.” Cogn Sci 33 (2): 147–182.
American Psychiatric Association. 2020. “New Poll: COVID-19 Impacting Mental Well-Being.” Accessed May 20, 2020. https://www.psychiatry.org/newsroom/news-releases/new-poll-covid-19-impacting-mental-well-being-americans-feeling-anxious-especially-for-loved-ones-older-adults-are-less-anxious.
American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (5th edition). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Anderson, Roy M., Hans Heesterbeek, Don Klinkenberg, and Déirdre Hollingsworth. 2020. “How Will Country-Based Mitigation Measures Influence the Course of the COVID-19 Epidemic?” Lancet 395 (10228): 931–934.
Ashworth, Peter. 2003. “An Approach to Phenomenological Psychology: The Contingencies of the Lifeworld.” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 34 (2): 145–156.
Bangkok Post. 2021a. “Thais More in Debt Since Covid Hit: Poll.” Bangkok Post, March 14, 2021.
Accessed May 10, 2021. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2083399/thais-more-in-debt-since-covid-hit-poll.
Bangkok Post. 2021b. “Most Thais Depressed about Covid-19: Poll.” Bangkok Post, May 9, 2021.
Accessed May 10, 2021. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2112719/most-thais-depressed-about-covid-19-poll.
Bao, Yanping, Yankun Sun, Shiqiu Meng, Jie Shi, and Lin Lu 2020. “2019-nCoV Epidemic: Address Mental Health Care to Empower Society.” Lancet 22 (395): E37– E38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3.
Bermant, Laia S, and Nikolai Ssorin‐Chaikov. 2020. “Introduction: Urgent Anthropological COVID-
Forum.” Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale 28 (2): 218–220.
Biehl, Joao. 2010. ““CATKINE…Asylum, Laboratory, Pharmacy, Pharmacist, I and the Cure”: Pharmaceutical Subjectivity in the Global South.” In Pharmaceutical Self: The Global Shaping of Experience in an Age of Psychopharmacology, edited by Janis H. Jenkins, 67– 95. Santa Fe, NM: School of Advanced Research Press.
Blackburn, Thomas P. 2019. “Depressive Disorders: Treatment Failures and Poor Prognosis over the Last 50 Years.” Pharmacol Res Perspect 7 (3): e00472. https://doi.org/10.1002/prp2.472.
Blazer, Dan G. 2005. The Age of Melancholy: “Major Depression” and Its Social Origin. New York: Routledge.
Bourgois, Phillippe. 2001. “Culture of Poverty.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, edited by Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, 11904–11907. Oxford: Pergamon.
Buchbinder, Mara. 2010. “Giving an Account of One’s Pain in the Anthropological Interview.” Cult Med Psychiatry 34 (1): 108–131.
Butler, Judith, and Athena Athanasiou. 2013. Dispossession: The Performative in the Political. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Briggs, Charles L. 2005. “Communicability, Racial Discourse, and Disease.” Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (1): 269–291.
Brown, Hannah. 2019. “Complexity, Anthropology, and Epidemics.” In The Anthropology of Epidemics, edited by Ann H. Kelly, Frédéric Keck, and Christos Lynteris, 121–134. Oxon: Routledge.
Caiola, Courtney, Sharron L. Docherty, Michael Relf, and Julie Barroso. 2014. “Using an Intersectional Approach to Study the Impact of Social Determinants of Health for African-American Mothers Living with HIV.” ANS Adv Nurs Sci 37 (4): 287–298.
Carduff, Carlo. 2015. The Pandemic Perhaps: Dramatic Events in a Public Culture of Danger. Berkeley, CA: The University of California Press.
Chandan, Joht S., Julie Taylor, Caroline Bradbury-Jones, Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar, Eddie Kane, and Siddhartha Bandyopadhyay. 2020. “COVID-19: A Public Health Approach to Manage Domestic Violence is Needed.” Lancet Public Health 5 (6): E309. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30112-2.
Charney, Dennis S., and Husseini K Manji. 2004. “Life Stress, Genes, and Depression: Multiple Pathways Lead to Increased Risk and New Opportunities for Intervention.” Science's STKE 16 (225): re5. https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/2004/225/re5.
Chase, L. E., R. P. Sapkpta, D. Crafa, and L. J. Kirmayer. 2018. “Culture and Mental Health in Nepal: An Interdisciplinary Scoping Review.” Glob Ment Health (Camb) 5: e36. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/gmh.2018.27.
Chatterjee, Seshadri S., Malathesh Barikar C., and Abir Mukherjee. 2020. “Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Pre-Existing Mental Health Problems.” Asian Journal of Psychiatry 51 (102071). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102071.
Chen, Bo, Jinlu Sun, and Yi Feng. 2020. “How Have COVID-19 Isolation Policies Affected Young People's Mental Health? - Evidence From Chinese College Students.” Front Psychol 24 (11): 1529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01529.
Chua, Jocelyn C. 2014. In Pursuit of the Good Life: Aspiration and Suicide in Globalizing South India. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Clark, Jocalyn. 2014. “Medicalization of Global Health 2: The Medicalization of Global Mental Health.” Glob Health Action 7. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.24000.
Collins, Patricia H., and Sirma Bilge. 2016. Intersectionality. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
Corin, Ellen and Gilles Lauzon. 1992. “Positive Withdrawal and the Quest for Meaning: The Reconstruction of Experience among Schizophrenics.” Psychiatry 55 (3): 266–281.
Cowen, Philip J., and Michael Browning. 2015. “What Has Serotonin to Do with Depression?” World Psychiatry 14 (2): 158–160.
Cresswell, John W., and Vicki L. Plano Clark. 2011. Designing and Conducting Mixed Method Research. 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
de Lima, Caito A., Paula Monikee, Rezende Alves, Carla J. B. de Oliveira, Thaisa Rodrigues, Nascimento de Oliveira, Beatriz Barbosa, Henrique C. Marcene and Stefan V. de Oliveira. 2020. “Letter to the Editor: COVID-19: Isolations, Quarantines and Domestic Violence in Rural Areas.” SciMedicine Journal 2 (1): 44–45.
Druss, Benjamin G. 2020. “Addressing the COVID-19 Pandemic in Populations with Mental Illness.” JAMA Psychiatry 77 (9): 891–892. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0894.
Du, Hongfei, Xiaoming Li, Danhua Lin, and Cheik C. Tam. 2015. “Collectivistic Orientation, Acculturative Stress, Cultural Self-Efficacy, and Depression: A Longitudinal Study among Chinese Internal Migrants.” Community Ment Health J 51 (2): 239–248.
Einstein, Gillian and Margrit Shildrick. 2009. “The Postconventional Body: Retheorising Women’s Health.” Soc Sci Med 69 (2): 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.04.027.
Engel, G. L. 1977. “The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine.” Science 196 (4286): 129–136. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/196/4286/129.
Estroff, Sue E. 1981. Making It Crazy: An Ethnography of Psychiatric Clients in an American Community. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Evans, Clare R., and Natasha Erickson. 2019. “Intersectionality and Depression in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: A MAIHDA Analysis of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, 1995 – 2008.” Soc Sci Med 220: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.019.
Fabrega, Horacio, Jr. 1974. Disease and Social Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Falicov, Celia J. 2003. “Culture, Society and Gender in Depression.” Journal of Family Therapy 25 (4): 371–387.
Ford, Brett Q., Julia O. Dmitrieva, Daniel Heller, Yulia Chentsova-Dutton, Igor Grossmann, Maya Tamir, Yukiko Uchida, Birgit Koopmann-Holm, Victoria A. Floerke, Meike Uhrig, Tatiana Bokhan, and Iris B. Mauss. 2015. “Culture Shapes Whether the Pursuit of Happiness Predicts Higher or Lower Well-Being.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 144 (6): 1053–1062.
Foucault, Michel. 1978. The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. Translated by Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon Books.
Friedman, Edward S. 2011. “Classification, Causes, and Epidemiology” In Handbook of Depression, edited by Edward S Friedman and Ian M Anderson, 1–6. London: Springer Healthcare.
Furedi, Frank. 2004. Therapy Culture: Cultivating Vulnerability in an Uncertain Age. London: Routledge.
Gao, Junling, Pinpin Zheng, Yingnan Jia, Hao Chen, Yimeng Mao, Suhong Chen, Yi Wang, Hua Fu, and Junming Dai. 2020. “Mental Health Problems and Social Media Exposure during COVID-19 Outbreak.” PLOS ONE 15 (4): e0231924. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924.
Ge, Lixia, Chun Wei Yap, Reuben Ong, and Bee Hoon Heng. 2017. “Social Isolation, Loneliness and Their Relationships with Depressive Symptoms: A Population-Based Study.” PLOS ONE 12 (8): e0182145. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182145.
Ghadirian, Abdu’l-Missagh. 2015. “Depression: Biological, Psychosocial and Spiritual Dimensions and Treatment.” Journal of Bahá’í Studies 25 (4).
Grewal, Inderpal. 2008. “Postcoloniality, Globalization, and Feminist Critique.” American Anthropologist 10(4): 517–520.
Guadagno, Lorenzo. 2020. Migrants and the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Initial Analysis. Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM).
Hall, Grenita, Deepika R. Laddu, Shane A. Phillips, Carl J. Lavie, and Ross Arenaa. 2020. “A Tale of Two Pandemics: How Will COVID-19 and Global Trends in Physical Inactivity and Sedentary Behavior Affect One Another?” Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 64: 108–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.005.
Hanna, B. and A. Kleinman. 2013. “Unpacking Global Health: Theory and Critique.” In Reimagining Global Health: An Introduction, edited by Paul Farmer, Jim Kim, Arthur Kleinman, and Matthew Basillico, 15–32 Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Hari, Johann. 2018. Lost Connections: Uncovering the Real Causes of Depression—and the Unexpected Solution. New York: Bloomsbury.
Hattery, Angela J. 2008. Intimate Partner Violence. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Haw, Camilla, Keith Hawton, Kelly Houston, and Ellen Townsend 2018. “Psychiatric and Personality Disorders in Deliberate Self-Harm Patients.” The British Journal of Psychiatry 178 (1): 48–54.
Heard, Emma, Lisa Fitzgeral, Britta Wigginton, and Allyson Mutch. 2019. “Applying Intersectionality Theory in Health Promotion Research and Practice.” Health Promotion International 35 (4): 866–876.
Hirschfeld, R. M. A. 2000. “History and Evolution of the Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression.” J Clin Psychiatry 61 (Suppl 6): 4–6.
Huang, Yu-Te and Lin Fang. 2016. “Understanding Depression from Different Paradigms: Toward an Eclectic Social Work Approach.” British Journal of Social Work 46: 756–772.
Husain, Akbar. 2020. Coronavirus Pandemic: Effects, Prevention and Management. New Delhi: The Readers Paradise.
Jacob, K. S. 2012. “Patient Experience and Psychiatric Discourse.” The Psychiatrist 36 (11): 414– 417.
Jacob, K. S. 2015. “Patient Experience and the Psychiatric Discourse: Attempting to Bridge Incommensurable Worlds.” Indian Journal of Psychiatry 57 (4): 423–426.
Jenkins, Janis. H. 2010. “Introduction.” In Pharmaceutical Self: The Global Shaping of Experience in an Age of Psychopharmacology, edited by Janis H. Jenkins, 1–25. Santa Fe, NM: School of Advanced Research Press.
Kasser, Tim, Steve Cohn, Alle D. Kanner, and Richard M. Ryan. 2007. “Some Costs of American Corporate Capitalism: A Psychological Exploration of Value and Goal Conflicts.” Psychological Inquiry 18 (1): 1–22.
Kavoor, Anjana R. 2020. “COVID-19 in People with Mental Illness: Challenges and Vulnerabilities.” Asian Journal of Psychiatry 51 (102051). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102051.
Kawohl, Wolfram, and Carlos Nordt. 2020. “COVID-19, Unemployment, and Suicide.” Lancet Psychiatry 7 (5): 389–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30141-3.
Keck, Frédéric, Ann H. Kelly, and Christos Lynteris. 2019. “Introduction: The Anthropology of Epidemics.” In The Anthropology of Epidemics, edited by Ann H. Kelly, Frédéric Keck, and Christos Lynteris, 1–23. Oxon: Routledge.
Kelly, Ursula A. 2009. “Integrating Intersectionality and Biomedicine in Health Disparities Research.” Adv Nurs Sci 32 (2): E42–E56.
Kelly, June, and Tomos Morgan. 2020. “Coronavirus: Domestic Abuse Calls up 25% Since Lockdown, Charity Says.” BBC News, April 6, 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52157620.
Khunti, Kamlesh, Awadhesh Kumar Singh, Manish Pareek, and Wasim Hanif. 2020. “Is Ethnicity Linked to Incidence or Outcomes of Covid-19?” BMJ 369: m1548 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1548.
Kleinman, Arthur. 1997. ““Everything That Really Matter”: Social Suffering, Subjectivity, and the Remaking of Human Experience in a Disordering World.” The Harvard Theological Review 99 (3): 3125–335.
Kleinman, Arthur, Leon Eisenberg, and Byron Good. 1978. “Culture, Illness, and Care: Clinical Lessons from Anthropologic and Cross-Cultural Research.” Annals of Internal Medicine 88 (2): 251–258.
Kolmek, Anat B. 2020. “Suicide Prevention during the COVID-19 Outbreak.” Lancet Psychiatry 7 (5): 390. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30142-5.
Lang, Claudia. 2018. Depression in Kerala: Ayurveda and Mental Health Care in 21ST-Century India. London & New York: Routledge.
Lee, Bethany. R., Munson Michelle R., Ware Norma C., Ollie Marcia T., Scott Lionel D. Jr., and Curtis J. McMillen. 2006. “Experiences of and Attitudes toward Mental Health Services among Older Youths in Foster Care.” Psychiatric Services 57 (4): 487–492. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.57.4.487.
Lee, A. C. K., English P., Pankhania B., and Morling J. R. 2021. “Where England’s Pandemic Response to COVID-19 Went Wrong?” Public Health 192: 45–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.11.015.
Leslie, Emily, and Riley Wilson. 2020. “Sheltering in Place and Domestic Violence: Evidence from Calls for Service during COVID-19.” J Public Econ. 189: 104241. https//doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104241.
Lowe, Celia. 2010a. “Viral Clouds: Becoming H5N1 in Indonesia.” Cultural Anthropology 25 (4): 625–649.
Lowe, Celia. 2010b. “Preparing Indonesia: H5N1 Influenza through the Lens of Global Health.” Indonesia 90: 147–170.
Lowe, Celia. 2017. “Viral Ethnography: Metaphors for Writing Life.” RCC Perspectives 1: 91– 96.
Luhrmann, Tanya M. 2000. Of Two Minds: The Growing Disorder in American Psychiatry. New York: Vintage.
Lynteris, Christos. 2014. “Epidemics as Events and as Crises: Comparing Two Plague Outbreaks in Manchuria (1910–11 and 1920–21).” The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology 32 (1): 62–76.
Manderson, Lenore, and Susan Levine. 2020. “COVID-19, Risk, Fear, and Fall-Out.” Medical Anthropology 39 (5): 367–370.
Malla, Ashok, Ridha Joober, and Amparo Garcia. 2015. ““Mental Illness Is Like Any Other Medical Illness”: A Critical Examination of the Statement and Its Impact on Patient Care and Society.” J Psychiatry Neurosci 40 (3): 147–150.
Markus, Rose H. and Shinobu Kitayama. 1991. “Culture and Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation.” Psychological Review 98 (2): 224–253.
Mills, China. 2014. Decolonizing Global Mental Health: The Psychiatrization of the Majority World. Hove and New York: Routledge.
Moncrieff, Joanna. 2008. “Neoliberalism and Biopsychiatry: A Marriage of Convenience.” In Liberatory Psychiatry: Philosophy, Politics and Mental Health, edited by Carl I. Cohen & Sami Timimi, 235–256. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mulder, Roger T. 2008. “An Epidemic of Depression or the Medicalization of Distress?” Perspective in Biology and Medicine 51 (2): 238–250.
Nicola, Maria, Zaid Alsafi, Catrin Sohrabi, Ahmed Kerwan, Ahmed Al-Jabir, Christos Iosifidis, Maliha Agha, and Riaz Agha. 2020. “The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review. ”International Journal of Surgery 78: 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018.
Ornell, Felipe, Jaqueline B Schuch, Anne O Sordi, and Felix Henrique Paim Kessler. 2020. ““Pandemic Fear” and COVID-19: Mental Health Burden and Strategies.” Braz J Psychiatry 42 (3): 232–235. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008.
Parmet, Wendy. E., and Micjael S. Sinha. 2020. “Covid-19 – The Law and Limits of Quarantine.” The New England Journal of Medicine, 382 (15): e28. https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/nejmp2004211.
Pfefferbaum, Betty, and Carol S. North. 2020. “Mental Health and the Covid-19 Pandemic.” The New England Journal of Medicine, 383: 510–512.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2008017.
Pilgrim, David, and Richard Bentall. 1999. “The Medicalisation of Misery: A Critical Realist Analysis of the Concept of Depression”. Journal of Ment Health 8 (3): 261–274.
Pinker, Steven. 2018. Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism and Progress. Allen Lane: Penguin Random House.
Rajkumar, Philip, R. 2020. “COVID-19 and Mental Health: A Review of the Existing Literature.” Asian Journal of Psychiatry 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066.
Rhodes, Lorna A. 2004. Total Confinement: Madness and Reason in the Maximum Security Prison. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Rodríguez-Rey, Rocio, Helena Garrido-Hernansaiz, and Silvia Collado. 2020. “Psychological Impact and Associated Factors During the Initial Stage of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Among the General Population in Spain.” Front Psychol 23 (11):1540. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01540.
Sadati Ahmad K., Mohamad B. Lankarani, and Kamran B. Lankaran. 2020. “Risk Society, Global Vulnerability and Fragile Resilience; Sociological View on the Coronavirus Outbreak.” Shiraz E-Medical Journal 21 (4). https://doi.org/0.5812/semj.102263.
Santini, Ziggi I., Paul E. Jose, Erin York Cornwell, Ai Koyanagi, Line Nielsen, Carsten Hinrichsen, Charlotte Melistrup, Katrine R. Madsen, and Vibeke Koushede. 2020. “Social Disconnectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety among Older Americans (NSHAP): A Longitudinal Mediation Analysis.” Lancet Public Health 5 (1): E62–E70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30230-0.
Scott, James C. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Singhal, Arvind, Jack Ross, Olena Seminog, Keith Hawton, and Michael J. Goldaacre. 2014. “Risk of Self-Harm and Suicide in People with Specific Psychiatric and Physical Disorders: Comparisons between Disorders using English National Record Linkage.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 107 (5): 194–204.
Snowden, Frank M. 2019. Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to the Present. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
Snyder, C. R. 2000. “The Past and Possible Futures of Hope.” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 19 (1): 11–28.
Sønderskov, Mannemar K., Peter Thisted Dinesen, Ziggi Ivan Santini, and Søren Dinesen Østergaard. 2020.“The Depressive State of Denmark during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Acta Neuropsychiatrica 32 (4): 1–3.
Stein, Dan J., Katharine A. Phillips, Derek Bolton, K.W.M Fulford, John Z. Sadler, and Kenneth S.
Kendler. 2010. “What Is A Mental/Psychiatric Disorder? From DSM-IV to DSM-V.” Psychological Medicine 40 (11): 1759–1765.
Stein, Murray B. 2020. “COVID-19 and Anxiety and Depression in 2020.” Depression and Anxiety 37 (4): 302–303.
Stengel, E. 1956. “The Social Effects of Attempted Suicide.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 74 (2): 116–120.
Stengel, E. 1960. “The Complexity of Motivations to Suicidal Attempts.” Journal of Mental Science 106 (445): 1388–1393.
Summerfield, Derek. 2003. “War, Exile, Moral Knowledge and the Limits of Psychiatric Understanding: A Clinical Case Study of a Bosnian Refugee in London.” International Journal of Social Psychiatry 49(4): 264–268
Summerfield, Derek. 2012. “Afterword: Against “Global Mental Health”.” Transcult Psychiatry. 49 (3–4): 519–530.
Taylor, Jack, and Navaon Siradapuvadol. 2021. “Suicides Rise in Thailand as Covid decimates Its Tourism Industry.” The Telegraph, May 14, 2021. Accessed May 14, 2021. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global health/science-and-disease/suicides-rise-thailand-covid-decimates-tourism-industry.
Xue, Jia, Junxiang Chen, Chen Chen, Ran Hu, and Tingshao Zhu. 2020. “The Hidden Pandemic of Family Violence During COVID-19: Unsupervised Learning of Tweets.” J Med Internet Res 22 (11): e24361. https://doi.org/10.2196/24361.
Wang, Cuiyan, Riyu Pan, Xiaoyang Wan, Yilin Tan, Linkang Xu, Cyrus S. Ho, and Roger C. Ho.. 2020. “Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729.
Walsh, Roger. 2011. “Lifestyle and Mental Health.” American Psychologist 66 (7): 579–592.
Weible, Christopher M. Daniel Nohrstedt, Paul Cairney, David P. Carter, Deserai A. Crow, Anna P. Durnová, Tanya Heikkila, Karin Ingold, Allan McConnell, and Diane Stone. 2020. “COVID-19 and the Policy Sciences: Initial Reactions and Perspectives.” Policy Sciences 53: 225–241.
Werner-Seidler, Aliza, Mohammad H. Afzali, Cath Chapman, Matthew Sunderland, and Tim Slade. 2017. “The Relationship between Social Support Networks and Depression in the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 52 (12): 1463–1473.
Wies, Jennifer R., and Hillary J. Haldane. 2011. “Ethnographic Notes from the Front Lines of Gender-Based Violence.” In Anthropology at the Front Lines of Gender-Based Violence, edited by Jennifer R. Wies and Hillary J. Haldane, 1–17. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
Williamson, Andrea E. and Nicola Burns. 2016. “The Safety of Researchers and Participants in Primary Care Qualitative Research.” British Journal of General Practice 64 (621): 198– 200.
Yao, Hao, Jian-Hua Chen, and Yi-Feng Xu. 2020. “Patients with Mental Health Disorders in the COVID-19 Epidemic.” Lancet Psychiatry 7 (4): E21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30090-0.
สัมภาษณ์
เกริก (นามสมมติ). 2563. ผู้อยู่ร่วมกับโรคซึมเศร้า กรุงเทพมหานคร. สัมภาษณ์โดยผู้วิจัย. 8 เมษายน.
เดือน (นามสมมติ). 2563. ผู้อยู่ร่วมกับโรคซึมเศร้า กรุงเทพมหานคร. สัมภาษณ์โดยผู้วิจัย. 31 มีนาคม.
แดง (นามสมมติ). 2563. ผู้อยู่ร่วมกับโรคซึมเศร้า กรุงเทพมหานคร. สัมภาษณ์โดยผู้วิจัย. 10 เมษายน.
แบงค์ (นามสมมติ). 2563. ผู้อยู่ร่วมกับโรคซึมเศร้า กรุงเทพมหานคร. สัมภาษณ์โดยผู้วิจัย. 30 มีนาคม.
ปอ (นามสมมติ). 2563. ผู้อยู่ร่วมกับโรคซึมเศร้า กรุงเทพมหานคร. สัมภาษณ์โดยผู้วิจัย. 3 เมษายน.
หมวย (นามสมมติ). 2563. ผู้อยู่ร่วมกับโรคซึมเศร้า กรุงเทพมหานคร. สัมภาษณ์โดยผู้วิจัย. 6 เมษายน.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All written articles published on Journal of Social Sciences is its author’s opinion which is not belonged to Social Sciences Faculty, Chiang Mai University or is not in a responsibility of the journal’s editorial committee’s members.
