THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATIONAL STRESS IN RELATION TO SMARTPHONE DEPENDENCY OF THAI STUDENTS
Keywords:
Educational Stress, Smartphone DependencyAbstract
Although a plethora of research on Smartphone addiction and academic stress is rampant, there is a lack of research studies regarding the relationship of educational stress and Smartphone dependency. Smartphone dependency occurs when a person has a constant and continuous need to use their phone irrespective of the negative outcomes on one’s wellbeing and daily functioning. The focus of the present quantitative study is to investigate whether Thai students are prone to academic stress because of overutilization of their Smartphone. The random sampling technique was used to collect data from 284 Thai male, female and LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) students from one international university in Thailand. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient was utilized to find out the relationship between the five dimensions of educational stress and Smartphone dependency of Thai students. One-way ANOVA was used to test the differences between the five dimensions of educational stress and Smartphone dependency of Thai male, female, and LGBT students. Results revealed that, in general, when Thai students experience the dimensions of academic stress, their dependency on Smartphone increases, except for the pressure from study dimension which shows an insignificant association. Furthermore, when Thai students, experience dimensions of academic stress, their dependency on Smartphone increases. However, Thai LGBT students indicate a positive insignificant association between the dimensions of educational stress and Smartphone Dependency. There are no significant differences among male, female and LGBT students regarding the dimensions of worry about grades, self-expectation and despondency.
References
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Ang, R. P., & Huan, V. S. (2006a). Academic Expectations Stress Inventory: Development, factor analysis, reliability, and validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 522-539. Retrieved May I, 2018, from: doi:10.1177/0013164405282461
Ang, R. P., & Huan, V. S. (2006b). Relationship between academic stress and suicidal ideation: Testing fordepression as a mediator using multiple regression. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 37, 133-143. Retrieved May I, 2018, from: doi:10.1007/s10578-006-0023-8
Ang, R. P., Huan, V. S., & Braman, O. R. (2007). Factorial structure and invariance of the Academic Expectations Stress Inventory across Hispanic and Chinese adolescent samples. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 38, 73-87. Retrieved May I, 2018, from: doi:10.1007/s10578-006-0044-3
Backović, D., Živojinović, J., Maksimović, J., & Maksimović, M. (2012). Gender differences in academic stress and burnout among medical students in final years of education. Psychiatria Danubina, 24(2), 175-181.
Bangkok Post, Learning Post. (2007). Retrieved April I, 2018, from: http://bangkokpost.net/educationsite2007/cvnv2007.htm
Bangkok Post. (2016). Thai Users Consumed by Smartphones. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from: https://www.bangkokpost.com/tech/local-news/835456/thai-users-consumed-by-smartphones
Bangkok: UNESCO Office Bangkok, Plan International, Mahidol University. (2014). Bullying targeting secondary school students who are or are perceived to be transgender or same-sex attracted: types, prevalence, impact, motivation and preventive measures in five provinces of Thailand (in Thai)
Banks, J., & Smyth, E. (2014). ‘Your whole life depends on it’: Academic stress and high-stakes testing in Ireland. Journal of Youth Studies, 18(5), 598-616. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from: doi:10.1080/13676261.2014.992317
Baste, V. S., & Gadkari, J.V. (2014). Study of stress, self-esteem and depression in medical students and effect of musicon perceived stress. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 58: 298–301.
Bedewy, D., & Gabriel, A. (2015). Examining perceptions of academic stress and its sources among university students: The Perception of Academic Stress Scale. Health Psychology Open, July-December 2015: 1–9.
Brand, H., & Schoonheim-Klein, M. (2009). Is the OSCE more stressful? Examination anxiety and its consequences in different assessment methods in dental education. European Journal of Dental Education 13: 147–153.
Busari, A. O. (2016). Academic Stress and Internet Addiction among Adolescents: Solution Focused Social Interest Programme as Treatment Option. Journal of Mental Disorders and Treatment, 2:114. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: doi:10.4172/2471-271X.1000114
Chapell, M., Blanding, Z., & Silverstein, M. (2005). Test anxiety and academic performance in undergraduate and graduate students. Journal of Educational Psychology 97: 268–274.
Chiu, S. (2014). The relationship between life stress and smartphone addiction on Taiwanese university student: A mediation model of learning self-efficacy and social self-efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 49-57. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.024
Eisenberg, D., Gollust, S. E., Golberstein, E., & Hefner, J. L. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 534–542. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.534
Elias, H., Ping, W., & Abdullah, M. (2011). Stress and academic achievement among undergraduate students in Universiti Putra Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, pp. 646-655.
Ezoe, Iida, Inoue &Toda. (2016). Smartphone Dependency Scale. Retrieved, September 6, 2017, from: <https://www.scirp.org/Journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=69948>.
Heather, C. (2015) BBC News, Singapore, (September 2015) Retrieved April I, 2018, from: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33130567
Jersabek, A. (2010). Why Western Approaches Fail in Asia: A Classroom Action. Research on Developing Creative Processes and Knowledge Sharing Abilities. IICS, volume 165 of LNI, page 164-169.
Jogulu, U.D. & Wood, G. J. (2006). ‘The Role of Leadership Theory in Raising the Profile of Women in Management’, Equal Opportunities International, vol. 25, no.4, pp. 236-250.
Killoran, M. (n.d). Quotation on stress. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from:http://www.finestquotes.com/author_quotes-author-Maureen%20Killoran-page-0.htm
Kislenko, A. (2004). Cultures and Customs in Thailand. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004.
Kitjaroonchai, N. & Kitjaroonchai, T. (2012). ‘Motivation toward English Language Learning of Thai Students Majoring in English at Asia-Pacific International University’, Catalyst, ISSN: 0905 - 6931, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2012 Institute Press
Lee H., Ahn H., Choi S., Choi W. (2014). The SAMS: Smartphone Addiction Management System and verification. Journal of Medical Systems, 38(1), 1.
Lee, J., & Jang, S. (2015). An exploration of stress and satisfaction in college students. Services Marketing Quarterly, 36(3), 245-260. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from: doi:10.1080/15332969.2015.1046774
Lee, Y., Chang, C., Lin, Y. & Cheng, Z. (2013). The Dark Side of Smartphone Usage: Psychological Traits, Compulsive Behavior and Technostress, Computers in Human Behavior, 31, pp. 373-383.
Liao, K., & Wei, M. (2014). Academic stress and positive affect: Asian value and self-worth contingency as moderators among Chinese international students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(1), 107-115.
Lin, J., & Chen, Q. (1995). Academic pressure and impact on students’ development in China. McGill Journal of Education, 30, 149-168.
Lin, Y. H., Chang, L. R., Lee, Y. H., Tseng, H. W., Kuo, T. B. & Chen, S. H. (2014). Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). PloS One, 9(6).
Liu, Y. (2015). The longitudinal relationship between Chinese high school students' academic stress and academic motivation. Learning and Individual Differences, 38, 123-126.
Lu, H. D. (2008). Focus on learning stress of Chinese children: The puzzledom and the way out. Journal of Northeast Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 6, 24-28.
Mahmoud, J., Staten, R., Hall, L., & Lennie, T. (2012). The relationship among young adult college students’ depression, anxiety, stress, demographics, life satisfaction, and coping styles. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(3), 149-156. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from: doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.632708
Mahmoud, Staten & Hall. (2016). Cell phone Addiction and Academic Stress. 85, October 2016, Vol. 19, No. 2.
Nam, S. (2016). Gender Roles in Thailand. Asia & the Pacific, LGBT, Thailand.
Naveh-Benjamin M., Lavi H., & McKeachie, W. (1997). Individual differences in students’ retention of knowledge and conceptual structures learned in university and high school courses: The case of test anxiety. Applied Cognitive Psychology 11: 507–526.
Neuderth, S., Jabs, B., & Schmidtke, A. (2009). Strategies for reducing test anxiety and optimizing exam preparation in German university students: A prevention-oriented pilot project of the University of Würzburg. Journal of Neural Transmission 116: 785–790.
Office of the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission. (2015, December 27). Retrieved April 5, 2018, from: http://www.nbtc.go.th/wps/portal/NBTC
Pagram, P, Pagram, J (2006). Issues in E-Learning: A Thai Case Study. EJISDC, vol. 26(6), 2006; p. 1-8.
Park, B. & Lee, K. (2011). The Effect of Users’ Characteristics and Experiential Factors on the Compulsive Usage of the Smartphone, in Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Multimedia applications, Daejeon, Korea, April 13-15.
Ryan, M. L., Shochet, I. M., & Stallman, H. M. (2010). Universal online resilience interventions might engage psychologically distressed university students who are unlikely to seek formal help. Advances in Mental Health, 9(1), 73–83.
Saipanish, R. (2003). Stress among medical students in a Thai medical school. Medical Teacher, Vol. 25, No. 5, 2003, pp. 502–506.
Sarma, A., Payakkakom, A., & Kurpius, S. (2012). Self-Esteem, valuing of education, and academic stress among undergraduates in Thailand. Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling, 2(1), 61-74. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from: doi:10.18401/2012.2.1.4
Schraml, K., Perski, A., Grossi, G., & Makower, I. (2012). Chronic stress and its consequences on subsequent academic achievement among adolescents. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 2(1), 69-79. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from: doi:10.5539/jedp.v2n1p69
Shin, L. (2014). A Comparative Study of Mobile Internet Usage between the U.S. and Korea, Journal of European Psychology Students, 5 (3), pp. 46-55.
Sinha, R., & Jastreboff, A. (2013). Stress as a common risk factor for obesity and addiction. Biological Psychiatry, 73(9), 827-835. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.032
Sohail, N. (2013). Stress and academic performance among medical students. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 23: 67–71.
Stallman, H. M. (2008a). Prevalence of psychological distress in university students: Implications for service delivery. Australian Family Physician, 37(8), 673–677.
Stallman, H. M. (2010). Psychological distress in university students: A comparison with general population data. Australian Psychologist, 45(4), 286–294. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: doi:10.1080/00050067.2010.482109
Stallman, H. M., & Shochet, I. M. (2009a). Prevalence of mental health problems in Australian university health services. Australian Psychologist, 44(2), 122–127. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: doi:10.1080/00050060902733727
Suchit-LEESA-NGUANSUK (January 22nd, 2016) Bangkok Post. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: https://www.bangkokpost.com/tech/local-news/835456/thai-users-consumed-by-smartphones.
Thomas, D. (2016). Cellphone Addiction and Academic Stress among University Students in Thailand. International Forum, Vol. 19, No. 2, October 2016, pp. 80-96. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313451160
Thongprasert, N (2009). Cross-Cultural Perspectives of Knowledge Sharing for Different Virtual Classroom Environments: A Case Study of Thai Students in Thai and Australian Universities, NIDA Development Journal Vol.49(2)/2009.
White, B. (2000). Lessons from the Careers of Successful Women, in Davidson, M.J. and Burke. R.J. (Eds) Women in Management: Current Research Issues, vol. 2, Sage Publications, London, pp. 39-51.
Wirth, L. (2001 & 2002). Breaking through the Glass Ceiling: Women in Management, International Labour Organization, Geneva, pp. 130-149.
Zachau, U. & Cortez, C. (2017). LGBTI in Thailand: New data paves way for more inclusion. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: http://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/lgbti-in-thailand-new-data-paves-way-for-more-inclusion
Ang, R. P., & Huan, V. S. (2006a). Academic Expectations Stress Inventory: Development, factor analysis, reliability, and validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 522-539. Retrieved May I, 2018, from: doi:10.1177/0013164405282461
Ang, R. P., & Huan, V. S. (2006b). Relationship between academic stress and suicidal ideation: Testing fordepression as a mediator using multiple regression. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 37, 133-143. Retrieved May I, 2018, from: doi:10.1007/s10578-006-0023-8
Ang, R. P., Huan, V. S., & Braman, O. R. (2007). Factorial structure and invariance of the Academic Expectations Stress Inventory across Hispanic and Chinese adolescent samples. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 38, 73-87. Retrieved May I, 2018, from: doi:10.1007/s10578-006-0044-3
Backović, D., Živojinović, J., Maksimović, J., & Maksimović, M. (2012). Gender differences in academic stress and burnout among medical students in final years of education. Psychiatria Danubina, 24(2), 175-181.
Bangkok Post, Learning Post. (2007). Retrieved April I, 2018, from: http://bangkokpost.net/educationsite2007/cvnv2007.htm
Bangkok Post. (2016). Thai Users Consumed by Smartphones. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from: https://www.bangkokpost.com/tech/local-news/835456/thai-users-consumed-by-smartphones
Bangkok: UNESCO Office Bangkok, Plan International, Mahidol University. (2014). Bullying targeting secondary school students who are or are perceived to be transgender or same-sex attracted: types, prevalence, impact, motivation and preventive measures in five provinces of Thailand (in Thai)
Banks, J., & Smyth, E. (2014). ‘Your whole life depends on it’: Academic stress and high-stakes testing in Ireland. Journal of Youth Studies, 18(5), 598-616. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from: doi:10.1080/13676261.2014.992317
Baste, V. S., & Gadkari, J.V. (2014). Study of stress, self-esteem and depression in medical students and effect of musicon perceived stress. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 58: 298–301.
Bedewy, D., & Gabriel, A. (2015). Examining perceptions of academic stress and its sources among university students: The Perception of Academic Stress Scale. Health Psychology Open, July-December 2015: 1–9.
Brand, H., & Schoonheim-Klein, M. (2009). Is the OSCE more stressful? Examination anxiety and its consequences in different assessment methods in dental education. European Journal of Dental Education 13: 147–153.
Busari, A. O. (2016). Academic Stress and Internet Addiction among Adolescents: Solution Focused Social Interest Programme as Treatment Option. Journal of Mental Disorders and Treatment, 2:114. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: doi:10.4172/2471-271X.1000114
Chapell, M., Blanding, Z., & Silverstein, M. (2005). Test anxiety and academic performance in undergraduate and graduate students. Journal of Educational Psychology 97: 268–274.
Chiu, S. (2014). The relationship between life stress and smartphone addiction on Taiwanese university student: A mediation model of learning self-efficacy and social self-efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 49-57. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.024
Eisenberg, D., Gollust, S. E., Golberstein, E., & Hefner, J. L. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 534–542. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.534
Elias, H., Ping, W., & Abdullah, M. (2011). Stress and academic achievement among undergraduate students in Universiti Putra Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, pp. 646-655.
Ezoe, Iida, Inoue &Toda. (2016). Smartphone Dependency Scale. Retrieved, September 6, 2017, from: <https://www.scirp.org/Journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=69948>.
Heather, C. (2015) BBC News, Singapore, (September 2015) Retrieved April I, 2018, from: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33130567
Jersabek, A. (2010). Why Western Approaches Fail in Asia: A Classroom Action. Research on Developing Creative Processes and Knowledge Sharing Abilities. IICS, volume 165 of LNI, page 164-169.
Jogulu, U.D. & Wood, G. J. (2006). ‘The Role of Leadership Theory in Raising the Profile of Women in Management’, Equal Opportunities International, vol. 25, no.4, pp. 236-250.
Killoran, M. (n.d). Quotation on stress. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from:http://www.finestquotes.com/author_quotes-author-Maureen%20Killoran-page-0.htm
Kislenko, A. (2004). Cultures and Customs in Thailand. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004.
Kitjaroonchai, N. & Kitjaroonchai, T. (2012). ‘Motivation toward English Language Learning of Thai Students Majoring in English at Asia-Pacific International University’, Catalyst, ISSN: 0905 - 6931, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2012 Institute Press
Lee H., Ahn H., Choi S., Choi W. (2014). The SAMS: Smartphone Addiction Management System and verification. Journal of Medical Systems, 38(1), 1.
Lee, J., & Jang, S. (2015). An exploration of stress and satisfaction in college students. Services Marketing Quarterly, 36(3), 245-260. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from: doi:10.1080/15332969.2015.1046774
Lee, Y., Chang, C., Lin, Y. & Cheng, Z. (2013). The Dark Side of Smartphone Usage: Psychological Traits, Compulsive Behavior and Technostress, Computers in Human Behavior, 31, pp. 373-383.
Liao, K., & Wei, M. (2014). Academic stress and positive affect: Asian value and self-worth contingency as moderators among Chinese international students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(1), 107-115.
Lin, J., & Chen, Q. (1995). Academic pressure and impact on students’ development in China. McGill Journal of Education, 30, 149-168.
Lin, Y. H., Chang, L. R., Lee, Y. H., Tseng, H. W., Kuo, T. B. & Chen, S. H. (2014). Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). PloS One, 9(6).
Liu, Y. (2015). The longitudinal relationship between Chinese high school students' academic stress and academic motivation. Learning and Individual Differences, 38, 123-126.
Lu, H. D. (2008). Focus on learning stress of Chinese children: The puzzledom and the way out. Journal of Northeast Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 6, 24-28.
Mahmoud, J., Staten, R., Hall, L., & Lennie, T. (2012). The relationship among young adult college students’ depression, anxiety, stress, demographics, life satisfaction, and coping styles. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(3), 149-156. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from: doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.632708
Mahmoud, Staten & Hall. (2016). Cell phone Addiction and Academic Stress. 85, October 2016, Vol. 19, No. 2.
Nam, S. (2016). Gender Roles in Thailand. Asia & the Pacific, LGBT, Thailand.
Naveh-Benjamin M., Lavi H., & McKeachie, W. (1997). Individual differences in students’ retention of knowledge and conceptual structures learned in university and high school courses: The case of test anxiety. Applied Cognitive Psychology 11: 507–526.
Neuderth, S., Jabs, B., & Schmidtke, A. (2009). Strategies for reducing test anxiety and optimizing exam preparation in German university students: A prevention-oriented pilot project of the University of Würzburg. Journal of Neural Transmission 116: 785–790.
Office of the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission. (2015, December 27). Retrieved April 5, 2018, from: http://www.nbtc.go.th/wps/portal/NBTC
Pagram, P, Pagram, J (2006). Issues in E-Learning: A Thai Case Study. EJISDC, vol. 26(6), 2006; p. 1-8.
Park, B. & Lee, K. (2011). The Effect of Users’ Characteristics and Experiential Factors on the Compulsive Usage of the Smartphone, in Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Multimedia applications, Daejeon, Korea, April 13-15.
Ryan, M. L., Shochet, I. M., & Stallman, H. M. (2010). Universal online resilience interventions might engage psychologically distressed university students who are unlikely to seek formal help. Advances in Mental Health, 9(1), 73–83.
Saipanish, R. (2003). Stress among medical students in a Thai medical school. Medical Teacher, Vol. 25, No. 5, 2003, pp. 502–506.
Sarma, A., Payakkakom, A., & Kurpius, S. (2012). Self-Esteem, valuing of education, and academic stress among undergraduates in Thailand. Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling, 2(1), 61-74. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from: doi:10.18401/2012.2.1.4
Schraml, K., Perski, A., Grossi, G., & Makower, I. (2012). Chronic stress and its consequences on subsequent academic achievement among adolescents. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 2(1), 69-79. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from: doi:10.5539/jedp.v2n1p69
Shin, L. (2014). A Comparative Study of Mobile Internet Usage between the U.S. and Korea, Journal of European Psychology Students, 5 (3), pp. 46-55.
Sinha, R., & Jastreboff, A. (2013). Stress as a common risk factor for obesity and addiction. Biological Psychiatry, 73(9), 827-835. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.032
Sohail, N. (2013). Stress and academic performance among medical students. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 23: 67–71.
Stallman, H. M. (2008a). Prevalence of psychological distress in university students: Implications for service delivery. Australian Family Physician, 37(8), 673–677.
Stallman, H. M. (2010). Psychological distress in university students: A comparison with general population data. Australian Psychologist, 45(4), 286–294. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: doi:10.1080/00050067.2010.482109
Stallman, H. M., & Shochet, I. M. (2009a). Prevalence of mental health problems in Australian university health services. Australian Psychologist, 44(2), 122–127. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: doi:10.1080/00050060902733727
Suchit-LEESA-NGUANSUK (January 22nd, 2016) Bangkok Post. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: https://www.bangkokpost.com/tech/local-news/835456/thai-users-consumed-by-smartphones.
Thomas, D. (2016). Cellphone Addiction and Academic Stress among University Students in Thailand. International Forum, Vol. 19, No. 2, October 2016, pp. 80-96. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313451160
Thongprasert, N (2009). Cross-Cultural Perspectives of Knowledge Sharing for Different Virtual Classroom Environments: A Case Study of Thai Students in Thai and Australian Universities, NIDA Development Journal Vol.49(2)/2009.
White, B. (2000). Lessons from the Careers of Successful Women, in Davidson, M.J. and Burke. R.J. (Eds) Women in Management: Current Research Issues, vol. 2, Sage Publications, London, pp. 39-51.
Wirth, L. (2001 & 2002). Breaking through the Glass Ceiling: Women in Management, International Labour Organization, Geneva, pp. 130-149.
Zachau, U. & Cortez, C. (2017). LGBTI in Thailand: New data paves way for more inclusion. Retrieved April I, 2018, from: http://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/lgbti-in-thailand-new-data-paves-way-for-more-inclusion
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