INTEGRATING MINDFULNESS AND YOGA: A BUDDHIST-INSPIRED PROGRAM TO ENHANCE COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY AND EMOTION REGULATION  IN OLDER THAI ADULTS

Areeya Nilsson; Amaraporn Surakarn; Narisara  Peungposop

Authors

Areeya Nilsson Applied Psychology, Behavioral Science Research Institute, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
Amaraporn Surakarn Applied Psychology, Behavioral Science Research Institute, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
Narisara Peungposop Applied Psychology, Behavioral Science Research Institute, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand

Keywords:

Yoga, Mindfulness, Cognitive Flexibility, Emotion Regulation, Older Thai Adults

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Thailand was facing a rapidly aging population, with older adults increasingly vulnerable to cognitive decline and emotional dysregulation. In response, this study examined a culturally tailored yoga-based mindfulness program designed specifically for older Thai adults. Grounded in the principles of the neuroplasticity model of Buddhist mindfulness and observational learning, the study aimed to assess the preliminary effectiveness of the program in enhancing cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation in older Thai adults and to explore their learning processes through a Buddhist-informed framework that integrated the neuroplasticity model of mindfulness and observational learning.

Methodology: A quasi-experimental design was employed. Twenty-three Thai adults were recruited. Thirteen were assigned to the intervention group to complete 16 sessions (60 minutes each). The sessions integrated gentle yoga, mindful breathing, mindfulness meditation, and reflective group discussions. Quantitative outcomes were measured using Thai versions of Cognitive Flexibility Inventory and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, before and after the intervention. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to assess changes in cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation. Complementary qualitative data were gathered through After-Action Review (AAR) at the end of each session on learning experiences. The mixed-methods approach strengthened the study by methodological triangulation, enhancing the validity and comprehensiveness of the findings. The qualitative study facilitated cultural engagement, elevating lived experiences and contextualizing changes within a Buddhist-informed learning process.

Main Results: Quantitative analysis revealed significant improvements in cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation, particularly in cognitive reappraisal. Qualitative analysis from the AAR revealed six learning processes: 1) Observation and modeling; 2) Focused attention; 3) Retention and habit formation; 4) Skill reproduction; 5) Intrinsic motivation, and 6) Neuroplasticity through repetition as cognition and behavior changed consistently with increased mindfulness and adaptability. These results corresponded with the study's objective by showing how psychological improvements were supported by a Buddhist-informed approach. Learning processes also reflected some key elements of the noble eightfold path. Increased awareness and calmness allowed participants to reflect wisely and be more mindful in regulating emotions.

Involvement to Buddhadhamma: This study reflected applied Buddhism, integrating Buddhist principles with modern health approaches under the theme of "Buddhism and the development of wisdom and morality." The program embodied the foundations of mindfulness (Satipatthāna) and the noble eightfold path (Ariyamagga),right effort (Sammā-Vāyāma), right concentration (Sammā-Samādhi) and right mindfulness (Sammā-Sati). Reflections from AAR revealed enhanced loving-kindness (Mettā) and wholesome thinking (Kusalā Vitakkāvitakkā). The program served as a spiritual and psychological resource, bridging traditional Buddhadhamma with modern approaches.

Conclusions: The study showed that the program significantly improved cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation among older Thai adults. Beyond measurable outcomes, the program fostered experiential learning and inner transformation through embodied mindful practices. These findings highlighted the promise of integrating traditional contemplative practices with modern wellness strategies as a non-pharmacological model for supporting healthy aging. The study achieved its objectives to assess the program's effectiveness in enhancing both cognitive and emotional domains and to explore how older adults engaged in learning processes rooted in mindfulness and repetition. The incorporation of culturally relevant practices based on Buddhist principles, right mindfulness (Sammā-Sati), and wise attention (Yoniso Manasikāra) provided a significant, community-oriented method for older Thai adults. These results indicated broader implications for health promotion in Thailand, advocating for the integration of mind-body practices in aging-related wellness intervention.

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