Rethink Strategies in Legal Protection of Traditional Knowledge - A Case Study of Thailand
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Published:
Jun 30, 2009
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Abstract
Abstract: This paper attempts to analyse Thailand's current strategies in protecting its traditional knowledge (TK) and biological resoureces. It will question how adequate the existing regime is, while seeking to highlight the various discrepancies within the system. It will reassess not only the definition of TK, but also the objectives of protection. Ultimately, this paper thus attempts to provide workable solutions to resolve the cracks and fissures of the present system in the search for an optimal strategy.
Article Details
How to Cite
Thathong, S. (2009). Rethink Strategies in Legal Protection of Traditional Knowledge - A Case Study of Thailand. Journal of Thai Justice System, 2(2), 97–117. Retrieved from https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JTJS/article/view/245567
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Academic Articles
Published Manuscripts are the copyright of the Journal of the Justice System. However; the opinions that appeared in the content are the sole responsibility of the author.
References
Books
Battiste, M. and Henderson, J.Y. (200) Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage: A Global Challenge, Saskatoon: Purich Publishing.
Bellmann, C., Dutfield, G., and Meléndez-Ortiz, R. (eds) (2003) Trading in Knowledge, Development Perspectives on TRIPS, Trade and Sustainability, London: Earthscan.
Bicker, A., Silitoe, P. and pottier, J. (2004) Investigating Local Knowledge:New Directions, New Approaches, Hampshire UK: Ashgate.
Brush, S.B and Stabinsky, D. (eds) (1996) Valuing Local Knowledge: Indigenous People and Intellectual Property Rights, Washington DC: Island Press.
Chaiyos, H. "(2007) Characteristics of Intellectual Property Law, Bangkok:Nititham Publishing House, 6th edn - in Thai only.
Drahos, P. and Mayne, R. (eds) (2002) Global Intellectual Property Rights: Knowledge, Access and Development, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dutfield, G. (2004) Intellectual Property, Biogenetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge, London: Earthscan.
Finger, J.M. and Schuler, F. (eds) (2004) Poor People's Knowledge, Promoting Intellectual Property in Developing Countries, Washington DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press.
George, J. et al. (2000) Indigenous Knowledges in Global contexts: Multiple Readings of Our World, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Grosheide, F.W. and Brinkhof J.J. (eds (2002) Intellectual Property Law: Articles on Cultural Expressions and Indigenous Knowledge, Oxford: Intersentia.
Laird, S.A. (ed) (2002) Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge: Equitable Partnerships in Practice, London: Earthscan.
Riley, M. (ed) (2004) Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights: Legal Obstacles and Innovative Solutions, OxfordL Altamira Press.
Sillitoe, P. (ed) (2007) Local Science vs Global Science, Approaches to Indigenous Knowledge in International DEvelopment Oxford: Berghahn Books. Sillitoe, P. et al. (2005) Indigenous Knowledge Inquiries: A Methodologies Manual for Development, Rugby UK: Practical Action Publishing.
Sitthigumjorn, J. (2000) Explanatory Notes on the Act on Protection and Promotion of Traditional THai Medicinsl Knowledge, B.E. 2542 (1999), Bangkok: Winyuchon Publication House - in Thai only.
Shiva, V. (2001) Protect or Plunder: Understanding Intellectual Property Rights, London: Zed Books.
Book chapters
Bannister, K.P. (2004) 'Indigenous Knowledge and Traditional Plant Resources of the Secwepemc (Shuswap) Nation' in Riley, M. (ed) Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights: Legal Obstacles and Innovative Solutions, Oxford: Altamira Press.
Blakeney, M (2002) 'Protecting the Cultural Expressions of Indigenous Peoples under Intellectual Property Law - the Australian Experience' in Grosheide, F.W. and Brinkhof J.J. (eds) Intellectual Property Law: Articles on Cultural Expressions and Indigenous Knowledge, Oxford: Intersentia.
Clift, c. (2007) 'Is Intellectual Property Protection a Good Idea?' in Sillitoe, p. (ed) Local Science vs Global Science, Approaches to Indigenous Knowledge in International Development, Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Dhar, B. (2003) 'The Convention on Biological Diversity and the TRIPS Agreement: Compatibility or Conflict?' in Bellmann, C., Dutfield, G., and Meléndez-Ortiz, R. (eds) Trading in Knowledge, Development Perspectives on TRIPS, Trade and Sustainability, London: Earthscan.
Fowler, B.J. (2004) 'Preventing Counterfeit Craft Designs' in Finger, J.M. and Schuler, F. (eds) Poor People's Knowledge, Promoting Intellectual Property in Developing Countries, Washington DC: World Bank and Oxfordd University Press.
Gollin, M.A. (2002) 'Elements of Commercial Biodiversity Prospecting Agreements' in Laried, S.A. (ed) Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge: Equitable Partnerships in Practice. London: Earthscan.
Inthanon, N. (2004) 'international Agreements on Intellectual Property and their Impacts on Traditional KNowledge" in Inthanon, N. (ed) Intellectual Property in the Millennium World, No.2 Bangkok: Thai Bar Association and Jirarach Printing - in Thai only.
Overwalle, G.V. (2002) 'Protection of Traditional Knowledge: A Critical Synthesis' in Grosheide, F.W. and Brinkhof J.J. (eds) Intellectual Property Law: Articles on Cultural Expressions and Indigenous knowledge, Oxford: Intersentia.
Weeraworawit, W. (2003) 'International Legal Protection for Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore: challenges for the intellectual property system' in Bellmann, C., Dutfield, G., and Meléndez-Ortiz, R. (eds) Trading in knowledge, Development Perspectives on TRIPS, Trade and Sustainability, London: Earthscan.
Journals
Dhar, B. and Anuradha, R.V. (2004) 'Access, Benefit-sharing and Intellectual Property Rights' 7(5) JWIP 597.
Downers, D.R. (2000) 'How Intellectual property could be a tool to protect TK' 25 Colum.J.Envtl.L. 253
Drahos, P. (2002) 'Developing Countries and International Intellectual Property Standard-Setting' 5(5) JWIP 765
Drahos, P. (2000) "INdigenous Knowledge, Intellectual Property and Biopiracy: Is a Global Bio-collecting Society the Answer?' 22 EIPR 245
Dutfield, G. (2002) 'Sharing the Benefits of Biodiversity. Is there a Role for the patent System?' 5(6) JWIP 899
GEehl-Sampath, P. (2004) ' Intellectual Property Rights on Traditional Medicinal Knowledge. A Process Oriented Perspective' 7(5) JWIP 711
Gervais, D. (2003) 'Trips, Doha and Traditional Knowledge' 6(3) JWIP 403
Girsberger, M.A. (1998) 'The Protection of Traditional Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the Related Know-How by Intellectual Property RIghts in International Law. The Current Legal Environment' 1(6) JWIP 1017
Gopalakrishnan, N.S. (2002) 'Protection of Traditional Knowledge. The Need for a Sui Generis Law in India" 5(5) JWIP 725
Haugen, H.M. (2005) 'Traditional Knowledge and Human Rights' 8(5) JWIP 663
Kuanpoth, J. (2007) 'Legal Protection of Traditional Knowledge: A Thai Perspective' 24(2) Asia Pacific Tech Monitor 34
Kuruk, P. (2004) 'Bridging the Gap between Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property Rights. Is Reciprocity an Answer?' 7(3) JWIP 429
Jaszi, P. (1991) 'Toward a Theory of Copyright: The Metamorphoses of "Authorship" Duke LJ 455
Leidwein, A. (2006) 'Protection of Traditional Knowledge Associated with Biological and Genetic Resources. General Legal Issues and Measures Already Take by the European Union and its Member States in the Field of Agriculture and Food Production' 9(3) JWIP 251
O'Conner, B. (2003) 'Protecting Traditional Knowledge. An Overview of a Developing Area of Intellectual Property Law' 6(5) JWIP 677
Sagar, R. (2005) "Intellectual Property, Benefit-Sharing and Traditional Knowledge. How Effective is the Indian Biological Divesity Act. 2002?' 8(3) JWIP 383
Steven, G.R. (2000) 'Trade Secrets: The Secret to Protecting Indigenous Ethnobiological (Medicinal) Knowledge' 32 NYUJILP 1119
Tobin, B. (2001) 'Redefining Perspectives in the Search for Protection Of Traditional Knowledge: A Case Study from Peru' 10 RECIEL 47
Tull, S. (2003) 'The Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing' 12(1) RECIEL 84
Vadi, V. (2007) "Intangible Heritage: Traditional Medicine and Knowledge Governance' 2(10) JIPLP 686
Verma, S.K. (2004) "Rhetoric, Realism and Benefit-Sharing. Use of Tradition Knowledge of Hoodia Species in the Development of an Appetite Suppressant' 7(6) JWIP 851
Articles/Reports/Working documents
Alexander, M. et al. (2004) 'The Role of Registers and Databases in the Protection of Traditonal Knowledge: A Comparative Analysis' Institute for Advanced Studies (UNU/IAS), United Nations University, Tokyo.
Barton, J.H. and Siebeck, W.E. (1994) 'Material Transfer Agreement in Genetic Resources Exchange - the Case of the International Agricultural Research Centre' 1 Issue in Genetic Resources, IPGRI.
Robinson, D.F. (2006) Governance and Micropolitics of Traditional Knowledge, Biodiversity and Intellectual Property in Thailand: Research Report, National Human Righrs Commission of Thailand, Bangkok, UNSW and University of Sydney.
WIPO, (2005) Booklet on Intellectual Propert and Traditional Cultural Expressions/Folklore, World Intellectual Property Organisation Publication No.913.
WIPO, (2005a) Booklet on Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge, World Intellectual Property Organisation Publication No.920 (E).
WIPO, (2001) Intellectual Property Needs and Expectations of Traditonal Knowledge Holders, WIPO Report on Fact-finding Missions on Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge: 1998-1999.
WIPO Secretariat, (2008) Recognition of TK within the Patent System, Meeting Document, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/12/7.
WIPO Secretariat, (2008) Participation of Indigenous and Local Communities: Voluntary Contribution Fund, Meeting Document, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/12/13.
WIPO Secretariat, (2008) The Protection of Traditional Cultural Expressions/ Expressions of Folkore: Factual Extraction, Meeting Document, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/12/4(B).
Online articles
Julasia, B. ''Bangko's Problems,' Matichon Daily Newspaper, 15/11/2007 (accessed 3/03/08).
Nilwarangkoon, K. 'Weaving Silk Creates Jobs but Damages Health,' Matichon Daily Newspaper, 28/10/2004 (accessed 3/03/08).
Ninnart, N. 'Thai Textiles in Modern Society' (2004) 19(21) Thaiways Magazines (accessed 28/02/08). NRCT, 'Foreigners Eager to "steal" Thai Silk, the Need for Immediate Action' (2003) National Research Council of Thailand Online Article (accessed 3/03/08).
Pratruangkrai, P. "Into the Past...In the War of Intellectual Property' (2007) Post Today (accessed 31/01/08).
Websites BioThai Foundation (BIOTHAI): HYPERLINK "http://www.biothai.org" www.biothai.org
National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT): www.nrct.net
Thai Non-governmental Organisation (THAINGO): ww.thaingo.org.
Thailand Knowledge Centre:www.tkc.go.th
Thailand's Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA): www.mfa.go.th
Thailand's Department of Intellectual Property (DIP): www.ipthailand.org
United Nations Commission on Trade and Development (UNCTAD: www.unctad.org
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): www.undp.org
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO): ww.unesco.org
World Trade Organisation (WTO): www.wto.org
World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO): www.wipo.int
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights(TRIPS): www.tripsagreement.net
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): www.cbd.int
Intellectual Property Rights Online: www.iprsonline.org
Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration: www.etcgroup.org
International agreements/declaration/guidelines
1948 Universal Dclaration of Human Rghts.
1966 Internation Covenant on Civil and Politcal Rights.
1966 Internation Covenant on Ecnonomicm, Social and Cultural Rights.
1992 Convention on Biological Diversity.
1994 Agreement on Trade-RElated Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).
1996 WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.
2002 'Bonn Guidelines' on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising from their Utilization, CBD, COP, Decision Vi/24 A, CBD, 5/06/1992.
2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
2007 Declaration on the Rights of the Indigenous Peoples.
Thai Legislation
Forest Act B.E. 2482 (1941).
Patents Act (No.3) B.E. 2522 (1979). Act on the Preservation and Protection of Wild Animals B.E. 2535 (1992).
Copyright Act B.E. 2537 (1994).
Act on the Protection and Promotion of Traditional Thai Medicinal Intelligence B.E. 2542 (1999).
Plant Varieties Protection Act B.E. 2541 (1999).
Trademark Act (No.2) B.E. 2543 (2000).
Ministerial Notice of 7 Novermber B.E. 2545 (2002).
Trade Secret Act B.E 2545 (2002).
Geographical Indications Act 2546 (2003).
Constituion of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2550 (2007).
Personal communications/Others
Dr Tanit Changtavorn, the research team leader of a project 'drafting TK law,' 31/01/08 and 01/02/08.
Ms Pissamai Kaewburee, a legal officer at the Legal Affairs and Appeal Division, DIP, 30/01/08
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kongsak Thathong, a senior lecture in Environmental Studies, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, 14/01/08.
Bulun Bulun vs Nejlam Pty Ltd [1989] 1082 FCA.
Foster v Mountford [1977] 14 ALR 71.
Battiste, M. and Henderson, J.Y. (200) Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage: A Global Challenge, Saskatoon: Purich Publishing.
Bellmann, C., Dutfield, G., and Meléndez-Ortiz, R. (eds) (2003) Trading in Knowledge, Development Perspectives on TRIPS, Trade and Sustainability, London: Earthscan.
Bicker, A., Silitoe, P. and pottier, J. (2004) Investigating Local Knowledge:New Directions, New Approaches, Hampshire UK: Ashgate.
Brush, S.B and Stabinsky, D. (eds) (1996) Valuing Local Knowledge: Indigenous People and Intellectual Property Rights, Washington DC: Island Press.
Chaiyos, H. "(2007) Characteristics of Intellectual Property Law, Bangkok:Nititham Publishing House, 6th edn - in Thai only.
Drahos, P. and Mayne, R. (eds) (2002) Global Intellectual Property Rights: Knowledge, Access and Development, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dutfield, G. (2004) Intellectual Property, Biogenetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge, London: Earthscan.
Finger, J.M. and Schuler, F. (eds) (2004) Poor People's Knowledge, Promoting Intellectual Property in Developing Countries, Washington DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press.
George, J. et al. (2000) Indigenous Knowledges in Global contexts: Multiple Readings of Our World, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Grosheide, F.W. and Brinkhof J.J. (eds (2002) Intellectual Property Law: Articles on Cultural Expressions and Indigenous Knowledge, Oxford: Intersentia.
Laird, S.A. (ed) (2002) Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge: Equitable Partnerships in Practice, London: Earthscan.
Riley, M. (ed) (2004) Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights: Legal Obstacles and Innovative Solutions, OxfordL Altamira Press.
Sillitoe, P. (ed) (2007) Local Science vs Global Science, Approaches to Indigenous Knowledge in International DEvelopment Oxford: Berghahn Books. Sillitoe, P. et al. (2005) Indigenous Knowledge Inquiries: A Methodologies Manual for Development, Rugby UK: Practical Action Publishing.
Sitthigumjorn, J. (2000) Explanatory Notes on the Act on Protection and Promotion of Traditional THai Medicinsl Knowledge, B.E. 2542 (1999), Bangkok: Winyuchon Publication House - in Thai only.
Shiva, V. (2001) Protect or Plunder: Understanding Intellectual Property Rights, London: Zed Books.
Book chapters
Bannister, K.P. (2004) 'Indigenous Knowledge and Traditional Plant Resources of the Secwepemc (Shuswap) Nation' in Riley, M. (ed) Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights: Legal Obstacles and Innovative Solutions, Oxford: Altamira Press.
Blakeney, M (2002) 'Protecting the Cultural Expressions of Indigenous Peoples under Intellectual Property Law - the Australian Experience' in Grosheide, F.W. and Brinkhof J.J. (eds) Intellectual Property Law: Articles on Cultural Expressions and Indigenous Knowledge, Oxford: Intersentia.
Clift, c. (2007) 'Is Intellectual Property Protection a Good Idea?' in Sillitoe, p. (ed) Local Science vs Global Science, Approaches to Indigenous Knowledge in International Development, Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Dhar, B. (2003) 'The Convention on Biological Diversity and the TRIPS Agreement: Compatibility or Conflict?' in Bellmann, C., Dutfield, G., and Meléndez-Ortiz, R. (eds) Trading in Knowledge, Development Perspectives on TRIPS, Trade and Sustainability, London: Earthscan.
Fowler, B.J. (2004) 'Preventing Counterfeit Craft Designs' in Finger, J.M. and Schuler, F. (eds) Poor People's Knowledge, Promoting Intellectual Property in Developing Countries, Washington DC: World Bank and Oxfordd University Press.
Gollin, M.A. (2002) 'Elements of Commercial Biodiversity Prospecting Agreements' in Laried, S.A. (ed) Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge: Equitable Partnerships in Practice. London: Earthscan.
Inthanon, N. (2004) 'international Agreements on Intellectual Property and their Impacts on Traditional KNowledge" in Inthanon, N. (ed) Intellectual Property in the Millennium World, No.2 Bangkok: Thai Bar Association and Jirarach Printing - in Thai only.
Overwalle, G.V. (2002) 'Protection of Traditional Knowledge: A Critical Synthesis' in Grosheide, F.W. and Brinkhof J.J. (eds) Intellectual Property Law: Articles on Cultural Expressions and Indigenous knowledge, Oxford: Intersentia.
Weeraworawit, W. (2003) 'International Legal Protection for Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore: challenges for the intellectual property system' in Bellmann, C., Dutfield, G., and Meléndez-Ortiz, R. (eds) Trading in knowledge, Development Perspectives on TRIPS, Trade and Sustainability, London: Earthscan.
Journals
Dhar, B. and Anuradha, R.V. (2004) 'Access, Benefit-sharing and Intellectual Property Rights' 7(5) JWIP 597.
Downers, D.R. (2000) 'How Intellectual property could be a tool to protect TK' 25 Colum.J.Envtl.L. 253
Drahos, P. (2002) 'Developing Countries and International Intellectual Property Standard-Setting' 5(5) JWIP 765
Drahos, P. (2000) "INdigenous Knowledge, Intellectual Property and Biopiracy: Is a Global Bio-collecting Society the Answer?' 22 EIPR 245
Dutfield, G. (2002) 'Sharing the Benefits of Biodiversity. Is there a Role for the patent System?' 5(6) JWIP 899
GEehl-Sampath, P. (2004) ' Intellectual Property Rights on Traditional Medicinal Knowledge. A Process Oriented Perspective' 7(5) JWIP 711
Gervais, D. (2003) 'Trips, Doha and Traditional Knowledge' 6(3) JWIP 403
Girsberger, M.A. (1998) 'The Protection of Traditional Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the Related Know-How by Intellectual Property RIghts in International Law. The Current Legal Environment' 1(6) JWIP 1017
Gopalakrishnan, N.S. (2002) 'Protection of Traditional Knowledge. The Need for a Sui Generis Law in India" 5(5) JWIP 725
Haugen, H.M. (2005) 'Traditional Knowledge and Human Rights' 8(5) JWIP 663
Kuanpoth, J. (2007) 'Legal Protection of Traditional Knowledge: A Thai Perspective' 24(2) Asia Pacific Tech Monitor 34
Kuruk, P. (2004) 'Bridging the Gap between Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property Rights. Is Reciprocity an Answer?' 7(3) JWIP 429
Jaszi, P. (1991) 'Toward a Theory of Copyright: The Metamorphoses of "Authorship" Duke LJ 455
Leidwein, A. (2006) 'Protection of Traditional Knowledge Associated with Biological and Genetic Resources. General Legal Issues and Measures Already Take by the European Union and its Member States in the Field of Agriculture and Food Production' 9(3) JWIP 251
O'Conner, B. (2003) 'Protecting Traditional Knowledge. An Overview of a Developing Area of Intellectual Property Law' 6(5) JWIP 677
Sagar, R. (2005) "Intellectual Property, Benefit-Sharing and Traditional Knowledge. How Effective is the Indian Biological Divesity Act. 2002?' 8(3) JWIP 383
Steven, G.R. (2000) 'Trade Secrets: The Secret to Protecting Indigenous Ethnobiological (Medicinal) Knowledge' 32 NYUJILP 1119
Tobin, B. (2001) 'Redefining Perspectives in the Search for Protection Of Traditional Knowledge: A Case Study from Peru' 10 RECIEL 47
Tull, S. (2003) 'The Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing' 12(1) RECIEL 84
Vadi, V. (2007) "Intangible Heritage: Traditional Medicine and Knowledge Governance' 2(10) JIPLP 686
Verma, S.K. (2004) "Rhetoric, Realism and Benefit-Sharing. Use of Tradition Knowledge of Hoodia Species in the Development of an Appetite Suppressant' 7(6) JWIP 851
Articles/Reports/Working documents
Alexander, M. et al. (2004) 'The Role of Registers and Databases in the Protection of Traditonal Knowledge: A Comparative Analysis' Institute for Advanced Studies (UNU/IAS), United Nations University, Tokyo.
Barton, J.H. and Siebeck, W.E. (1994) 'Material Transfer Agreement in Genetic Resources Exchange - the Case of the International Agricultural Research Centre' 1 Issue in Genetic Resources, IPGRI.
Robinson, D.F. (2006) Governance and Micropolitics of Traditional Knowledge, Biodiversity and Intellectual Property in Thailand: Research Report, National Human Righrs Commission of Thailand, Bangkok, UNSW and University of Sydney.
WIPO, (2005) Booklet on Intellectual Propert and Traditional Cultural Expressions/Folklore, World Intellectual Property Organisation Publication No.913.
WIPO, (2005a) Booklet on Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge, World Intellectual Property Organisation Publication No.920 (E).
WIPO, (2001) Intellectual Property Needs and Expectations of Traditonal Knowledge Holders, WIPO Report on Fact-finding Missions on Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge: 1998-1999.
WIPO Secretariat, (2008) Recognition of TK within the Patent System, Meeting Document, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/12/7.
WIPO Secretariat, (2008) Participation of Indigenous and Local Communities: Voluntary Contribution Fund, Meeting Document, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/12/13.
WIPO Secretariat, (2008) The Protection of Traditional Cultural Expressions/ Expressions of Folkore: Factual Extraction, Meeting Document, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/12/4(B).
Online articles
Julasia, B. ''Bangko's Problems,' Matichon Daily Newspaper, 15/11/2007
Nilwarangkoon, K. 'Weaving Silk Creates Jobs but Damages Health,' Matichon Daily Newspaper, 28/10/2004
Ninnart, N. 'Thai Textiles in Modern Society' (2004) 19(21) Thaiways Magazines
Pratruangkrai, P. "Into the Past...In the War of Intellectual Property' (2007) Post Today
Websites BioThai Foundation (BIOTHAI): HYPERLINK "http://www.biothai.org" www.biothai.org
National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT): www.nrct.net
Thai Non-governmental Organisation (THAINGO): ww.thaingo.org.
Thailand Knowledge Centre:www.tkc.go.th
Thailand's Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA): www.mfa.go.th
Thailand's Department of Intellectual Property (DIP): www.ipthailand.org
United Nations Commission on Trade and Development (UNCTAD: www.unctad.org
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): www.undp.org
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO): ww.unesco.org
World Trade Organisation (WTO): www.wto.org
World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO): www.wipo.int
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights(TRIPS): www.tripsagreement.net
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): www.cbd.int
Intellectual Property Rights Online: www.iprsonline.org
Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration: www.etcgroup.org
International agreements/declaration/guidelines
1948 Universal Dclaration of Human Rghts.
1966 Internation Covenant on Civil and Politcal Rights.
1966 Internation Covenant on Ecnonomicm, Social and Cultural Rights.
1992 Convention on Biological Diversity.
1994 Agreement on Trade-RElated Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).
1996 WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.
2002 'Bonn Guidelines' on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising from their Utilization, CBD, COP, Decision Vi/24 A, CBD, 5/06/1992.
2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
2007 Declaration on the Rights of the Indigenous Peoples.
Thai Legislation
Forest Act B.E. 2482 (1941).
Patents Act (No.3) B.E. 2522 (1979). Act on the Preservation and Protection of Wild Animals B.E. 2535 (1992).
Copyright Act B.E. 2537 (1994).
Act on the Protection and Promotion of Traditional Thai Medicinal Intelligence B.E. 2542 (1999).
Plant Varieties Protection Act B.E. 2541 (1999).
Trademark Act (No.2) B.E. 2543 (2000).
Ministerial Notice of 7 Novermber B.E. 2545 (2002).
Trade Secret Act B.E 2545 (2002).
Geographical Indications Act 2546 (2003).
Constituion of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2550 (2007).
Personal communications/Others
Dr Tanit Changtavorn, the research team leader of a project 'drafting TK law,' 31/01/08 and 01/02/08.
Ms Pissamai Kaewburee, a legal officer at the Legal Affairs and Appeal Division, DIP, 30/01/08
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kongsak Thathong, a senior lecture in Environmental Studies, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, 14/01/08.
Bulun Bulun vs Nejlam Pty Ltd [1989] 1082 FCA.
Foster v Mountford [1977] 14 ALR 71.