Trilingualism in Hong Kong: A World Englishes Framework for EMI English Teachers in University
Main Article Content
Abstract
With the rise of multilingualism and the use of a local variety of English in Hong Kong, the current article proposes a framework for EMI teacher training for university teachers (WEMTT-Framework) to expose them not only to a theory of World Englishes but also a practicum of teaching in multilingual settings. Even though Hong Kong has been regarded as a trilingual (Cantonese-English-Mandarin) city where English is taught as a second language, the EMI teaching in Hong Kong is still highly exonormative-oriented. With an increasing number of studies revealing the possibility of EMI teaching with the help of multilingual and World Englishes elements, the current paper also explores how World Englishes and multilingualism help in the present EMI teaching environment. The framework and the discussion are not only applicable to Hong Kong but also places with similar multilingual settings, thus expanding to many Asian cities with colonial backgrounds. The paper ends with a call for action from educators and researchers to work on the implementation of teacher training and carry out further studies in different settings.
Article Details
References
Bacon-shone, J., Bolton, K. and Luke, K. K. (2015). Language use,
proficiency and attitudes in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press.
Bolton, K. (2005). Where WE stands: Approaches, issues, and debate in World Englishes. World Englishes, 24(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0883-2919.2005.00388.x
Bolton, K. and Kwok, H. (1990). The Dynamics of the Hong Kong
accent: Social identity and sociolinguistic description.
Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 1(1), 147–172.
Chan, K. L. R. (2016/2017). Attitudes towards Hong Kong English:
Native English teachers and local English teachers.
Asian Journal of English Language Teaching, 26, 85–110.
Chan, K. L. R. (2018). Being a ‘purist’ in trilingual Hong Kong: Code- switching among Cantonese, English and Putonghua. Linguistic Research, 35(1), 75-95.
https://doi.org/10.17250/khisli.35.1.201803.003
Chan, K. L. R. (2019). Trilingual Code-switching in Hong Kong.
Applied Linguistics Research Journal, 3(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.14744/alrj.2019.22932
Chan, K. L. R. (2020). The future of Hong Kong English: Codification
and standardisation? In W. Teng (Ed.), Hong Kong: Past,
present and future (pp. 69–88). Nova Science.
Chan, K. L. R. (2022). Code-switching in Hong Kong: Key to implement a Hong Kong English curriculum? In C. Palmar & M. Devereaux (Eds.), Teaching English language variation in the global classroom: Ideas and activities from teachers and linguists (pp.132-141). Routledge. http://doi.org/10.4324/9781003124665-17
Chan, K. L. R. and Chan, N. C. L. (2021). Segmental features of Hong
Kong English: A contrastive approach study. Journal of Universal Language, 22(2), 1-44. https://doi.org/10.22425/jul.2021.22.2.1
Cheng, A. (2020). Medium of instruction in Hong Kong secondary schools: Integrating L1 in English-medium classrooms. Asian Englishes, https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2020.1780779
Coniam, D. and Falvey, P. (2018). Background to the Hong Kong education system. In Coniam, D. & P. Falvey (Eds.), High-stakes testing (pp. 37– 46). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6358-9_4
Creese, A. and Blackledge, A. (2010). Translanguaging in the bilingual classroom: A pedagogy for learning and teaching? The Modern Language Journal, 94(1), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2009.00986.x
Danielewicz-Betz, A. and Graddol, D. (2014). Varieties of English in the urban landscapes of Hong Kong and Shenzhen. English Today, 30(3), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078414000236
Eslami, Z. R. (2010). Teachers’ voice vs. students’ voice: A needs analysis approach to for academic purposes (EAP) in Iran. English Language Teaching, 3(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v3n1p3
Evans, S. (2016). The English language in Hong Kong: Diachronic and synchronic perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137- 50624-5
Gorter, D. and Cenoz, J. (2017). Language education policy and multilingual assessment. Language and Education, 31(3), 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2016.1261892
Hansen Edwards, J. G. (2017). Defining ‘native speaker’ in multilingual settings: English as a native language in Asia. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 38(9), 757–771. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2016.1257627
Hansen Edwards, J. G. (2019). The politics of English in Hong Kong: Attitudes, identity and use. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315178547
Hansen Edwards, J. G., Zampini, M. L. & Cummingham, C. (2018). The accentedness, comprehensibility, and intelligibility of Asian Englishes. World Englishes, 37(4), 538–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12344
Hino, N. (2018). EIL education for the expanding circle: A Japanese model. Routledge.
Ho, W. M. J. (2017). MOI policies and language difficulties of associate degree students in Hong Kong [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. The University of Hong Kong.
Hu, G. (2017). The challenges of World Englishes for assessing English proficiency. In E. Low & A. Pakir (Eds.), World Englishes: Rethinking paradigms (pp.120–138). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315562155
Lai, M. L. (2001). Hong Kong students' attitudes towards Cantonese, Putonghua and English after the change of sovereignty. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 22(2), 112–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630108666428
Hudson, T., Setter, J., and Mok, P. (2022). English intonation in storytelling: A comparison of the recognition and production of nuclear tones by British and Hong Kong English speakers. English World-Wide. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.21035.hud
Lau, C. (2020). English language education in Hong Kong: A review of policy and practice. Current Issues in Language Planning, 21(5), 457–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2020.1741239
Lee, J. S. (2019). Teacher as change agent: Attitude change toward varieties of English through teaching English as an international language. Asian Englishes, 21(1), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2018.1434396
Li, D. C. S. (2018). Two decades of decolonization and renationalization: The evolutionary dynamics of Hong Kong English and an update of its functions and status. Asian Englishes, 20(1), 2–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2017.1415517
Luke, K. K. and Richards, J. (1982). English in Hong Kong: Functions and status. English World-wide, 3(1), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.3.1.04kan
Lytle, S. L. (1988). From the inside out: Reinventing assessment. Focus on Basics, 2(1), 1–4.
Macaro, E., S. Curle, J. Pun, J. An, & J. Dearden. (2018). A systematic review of English medium instruction in higher education. Language Teaching, 51, 36–76. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444817000350
Mangubhai, F. (2005). What can EFL teachers learn from immersion language teaching? Asian EFL Journal, 7(4), 203–212.
Sewell, A. (2012). The Hong Kong English accent: Variation and acceptability. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics, 13(2), 1–21.
Sifakis, N. C. and Bayyurt, Y. (2015). Insights from ELF and WE in teacher training in Greece and Turkey. World Englishes, 34(3), 471–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12150
Snow, M. A., Kamhi-Stein, L. D & Brinton, D. M. (2006). Teacher training for English as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 26, 261–281. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190506000134
Sung, C. C. M. (2015). Hong Kong English: Linguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. Language and Linguistics Compass, 9(6), 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12142
Sung, C. C. M. (2018). Investigating perceptions of English as a lingua franca in Hong Kong: The case of university students. English Today, 34(1), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078417000293
Tay, M. W. J. (1991). Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. In J. Cheshire (Ed.), English around the world: Sociolinguistic perspectives (pp. 319–332). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611889.023
Tse, S. K., Ki, W. W. and Shum, M. S. K. (2021). Review and “Fine-Tuning” of the MOI reform policy. In S. K. Tse, W. W. Ki, & M. S. K. Shum (Eds), Controversies in medium of instruction reform: The experience of Hong Kong (pp.243-278). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16- 5784-9_9
Walters, L. M., Garii, B. and Walters, T. (2010). Learning globally, teaching locally: Incorporating international exchange and intercultural learning into pre‐service teacher training. Intercultural Education, 20(1), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675980903371050
Wang, L. and Kirkpatrick, A. (2015). Trilingual education in Hong Kong primary schools: An overview. Multilingual Education, 5(3), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13616-015-0023-8
Wong, M. (2017). Hong Kong English: Exploring lexicogrammar and discourse from a corpus-linguistic perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51964-1