Effects of Structural Priming and Lexical Residual Activation on the Acquisition of the English “Noun + Relative Clause” by L1 Chinese Learners
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigated L1 Chinese learners’ acquisition of the English “Noun + Relative Clause(N + RC)” based on Structural Priming (SP)(Bock,1986; Bock & Griffin, 2000) and Lexical Residual Activation (LRA)(Cleland, 2003). It was hypothesized that, based on SP, when L1 Chinese learners were primed by the English “N+ RC”, when the priming and the target structures shared different head nouns, they would produce more “N+ RC” than when they were primed by the English “Adj + Noun (Adj + N)”, and the priming effect was significant. Also, based on SP and LRA, when the priming and the target structures shared the same head noun, the increasing priming effect would be enhanced. The participants were 90 first year non-English major Chinese students attending Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, and 10 native English speakers. A picture description task was used to elicit data. The results confirmed the hypotheses. The study also found that there were different SP and LRA effects for L1 speakers and L2 speakers in that, while L2 speakers were significantly affected, L1 speakers were not. A long-term priming effect was found indirectly after the priming “Simple Sentence”. The study contributed to Second Language Acquisition in that SP and LRA would facilitate L1 Chinese learners’ acquisition of the English “Noun + Relative Clause”, although this structure is non-existent in the learners’ L1. The study also gave pedagogical implications in that the application of SP and LRA would facilitate the acquisition of the L2 structures.
Article Details
References
Bernolet, S., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Pickering, M. J. (2007). Shared syntactic representations in bilinguals: Evidence for the role of word-order repetition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(5), 931–949. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.33.5.931
Bley-Vroman, R., & Houng, C. (1988). Why do Chinese use few relative clauses in English?. University of Hawai’i Working Papers in ESL, 7, 93-98.
Bock, J. K. (1986). Syntactic persistence in language production. Cognitive Psychology, 18(3), 355–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(86)90004-6
Bock, J. K., & Kroch, A. S. (1989). The isolability of syntactic processing. Linguistic Structure in Language Processing, 157–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2729-2_5
Bock, K., & Griffin, Z. M. (2000). The persistence of structural priming: Transient activation or implicit learning? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129(2), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.129.2.177
Bock, K., Dell, G., Chang, F., & Onishi, K. (2007). Persistent structural priming from language comprehension to language production☆☆☆. Cognition, 104(3), 437–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2006.07.003
Boyland, J. T., & Anderson, J. R. (2022). Evidence that syntactic priming is long-lasting. Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1205–1205. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315782416-225
Branigan, H.P., & Pickering, M. J. (2012). Are non-native structural preferences affected by native language preferences? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(4), 751–760. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728912000594
Branigan, H. P., Pickering, M. J., & Cleland, A. A. (2000). Syntactic co-ordination in dialogue. Cognition, 75(2), B13-B25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00081-5
Chang, Y.-F. (2004). Second language relative clause acquisition: An examination of cross-linguistic influences. National Chung Hsing University.
Chang, F., Dell, G. S., & Bock, K. (2006). Becoming syntactic. Psychological Review, 113(2), 234–272. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.113.2.234
Cleland, A. (2003). The use of lexical and syntactic information in language production: Evidence from the priming of noun-phrase structure. Journal of Memory and Language, 49(2), 214–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-596x(03)00060-3
Cleland, A., & Pickering, M. (2006). Do writing and speaking employ the same syntactic representations? Journal of Memory and Language, 54(2), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2005.10.003
Dell, G. S., & Chang, F. (2014). The P-chain: Relating sentence production and its disorders to comprehension and acquisition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1634), 20120394. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0394
Fine, A. B., & Jaeger, T. F. (2016). The role of verb repetition in cumulative structural priming in comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42(9), 1362–1376. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000236
Hartsuiker, R. J., & Kolk, H. H. (1998). Syntactic persistence in Dutch. Language and Speech, 41(2), 143–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/002383099804100202
Hartsuiker, R. J., Kolk, H. H., & Huiskamp, P. (1999). Priming word order in sentence production. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 52(1), 129–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/713755798
Jackson, C. N. (2017). Second language structural priming: A critical review and directions for future research. Second Language Research, 34(4), 539–552. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658317746207
Jackson, C. N., & Ruf, H. T. (2016). The priming of word order in second language German. Applied Psycholinguistics, 38(2), 315–345. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716416000205
Jaeger, T. F., & Snider, N. E. (2013). Alignment as a consequence of expectation adaptation: Syntactic priming is affected by the prime’s prediction error given both prior and recent experience. Cognition, 127(1), 57–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.10.013
Jiang, L., & Huang, K. (2015). The efficacy of structural priming on the acquisition of double object construction by Chinese EFL learners. Higher Education Studies, 5(5), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v5n5p38
Kaan, E., & Chun, E. (2018). Priming and adaptation in native speakers and second-language learners. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(2), 228–242. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916001231
Kim, Y., & McDonough, K. (2016). Prime repetition and Korean EFL learners’ comprehension and production of passives. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 54(4). https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2015-0028
Mahowald, K., James, A., Futrell, R., & Gibson, E. (2016). A meta-analysis of syntactic priming in language production. Journal of Memory and Language, 91, 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2016.03.009
Nitschke, S., Kidd, E., & Serratrice, L. (2010). First Language Transfer and long-term structural priming in comprehension. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25(1), 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960902872793
Nitschke, S., Serratrice, L., & Kidd, E. (2013). The effect of linguistic nativeness on structural priming in comprehension. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 29(5), 525–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2013.766355
Pickering, M. J., & Branigan, H. P. (1998). The representation of verbs: Evidence from syntactic priming in language production. Journal of Memory and Language, 39(4), 633–651. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1998.2592
Pickering, M. J., & Ferreira, V. S. (2008). Structural priming: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3), 427–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.427
Pickering, M. J., & Garrod, S. (2013). An integrated theory of language production and comprehension. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(4), 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12001495
Schachter, J. (1974). An error in error analysis 1. Language Learning, 24(2), 205-214.
Scheepers, C. (2003). Syntactic priming of relative clause attachments: Persistence of structural configuration in sentence production. Cognition, 89(3), 179–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(03)00119-7
Schoonbaert, S., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Pickering, M. J. (2007). The representation of lexical and syntactic information in bilinguals: Evidence from syntactic priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 56(2), 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2006.10.002
Shin, J.-A., & Christianson, K. (2011). Structural priming and second language learning. Language Learning, 62(3), 931–964. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2011.00657.x
Syndicate U. C. L. E. (2001). Quick placement test. Oxford University Press.
Tooley, K. M., & Traxler, M. J. (2018). Implicit learning of structure occurs in parallel with lexically mediated syntactic priming effects in sentence comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 98, 59–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2017.09.004
van Beijsterveldt, L. M., & van Hell, J. G. (2009). Structural priming of adjective–noun structures in hearing and deaf children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 104(2), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2009.05.002
Yip, V., & Matthews, S. (2000). Syntactic transfer in a Cantonese–English bilingual child. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 3(3), 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1017/s136672890000033x