Unraveling Epistemological Supremacy in the Teaching of English: A Decolonial Stance
Main Article Content
Abstract
The teaching of English in a world replete with inequalities requires sensitivity to social, cultural, political, and pedagogical dimensions. Through the lenses of critical applied linguistics and decolonial thinking, this conceptual paper discusses how English language education can be instrumental in defying the status quo. It particularly aims to unveil the hegemony of English language teaching and present fundamental ideas about how it perpetuates unequal power structures in society. This article argues that English language teaching is not apolitical, in that it constitutes an epistemological supremacy adhering to a long-standing coloniality of power that constructs asymmetrical power hierarchies and brings about unjust phenomena across society. Finally, it points to a decolonial future for English language teaching that challenges, problematizes, and dismantles uneven power relations.
Article Details
References
Bacalja, A. (2026). Postdigital English education: A productive narrative for resisting neoliberal logics. English in Education, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/04250494.2026.2615429
Boonsuk, Y. (2026). Is our culture not good enough to be included in English lessons? Decolonizing English textbooks in Thailand’s deep south: A global Englishes-informed pedagogical innovation. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2025.2612524
Chen, Q., & Lin, A. M. Y. (2023). Social structures, everyday interactions, and subjectivity–where (and how) does decolonizing begin?--attending to desires, fears, and pains. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 20(2), 105-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427587.2023.2219059
Comber, B. (2016). Literacy, place, and pedagogies of possibility. Routledge.
Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews & other writings. Pantheon.
García, O. (2019). Decolonizing foreign, second, heritage, and first languages: Implication for education. In D. Macedo (Ed.), Decolonizing foreign language education: The misteaching of English and other colonial languages (pp. 152-168). Routledge.
Holliday, A. (2015). Native-speakerism: Taking the concept forward and achieving cultural belief. In A. Swan, P. Aboshiha, & A. Holliday (Eds.), (En)countering native-speakerism: Global perspectives (pp. 11-25). Palgrave Macmillan.
Kachru, B. B. (1986). The power and politics of English. World Englishes, 5(2/3), 121-140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1986.tb00720.x
Karki, T. M. (2024). Impact of neoliberalism on language educational policies. Panauti Journal, 2(1), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.3126/panauti.v2i1.66601
Kubota, R. (2011). Questioning linguistic instrumentalism: English, neoliberalism, and language tests in Japan. Linguistics and Education, 22(3), 248-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2011.02.002
Kubota, R. (2016). Neoliberal paradoxes of language learning: Xenophobia and international communication. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 37(5), 467-480. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2015.1071825
Kubota, R. (2020). Confronting epistemological racism, decolonizing scholarly knowledge: Race and gender in applied linguistics. Applied Linguistics, 41(5), 712-732. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amz033
Kubota, R. (2021). Critical antiracist pedagogy in ELT. ELT Journal, 75(3), 237- 246. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccab015
Kubota, R. (2023). Racialised teaching of English in Asian contexts: Introduction. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 36(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2022.2048000
Kubota, R., & Miller, E. R. (2017). Re-examining and re-envisioning criticality in language studies: Theories and praxis. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 14(2-3), 129-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427587.2017.1290500
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2003). Critical language pedagogy: A postmethod perspective on English language teaching. World Englishes, 22(4), 539-550. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.2003.00317.x
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2006). Dangerous liaison: Globalization, empire and TESOL. In J. Edge (Ed.), (Re-)locating TESOL in an age of empire (pp. 1-26). Palgrave Macmillan.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2016). The decolonial option in English teaching: Can the subaltern act? TESOL Quarterly, 50(1), 66-85. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.202
Lin, A. M. Y., & Motha, S. (2021). “Curses in TESOL” Postcolonial desires for colonial English. In R. Arber, M. Weinmann, & J. Blackmore (Eds.), Rethinking languages education: Directions, challenges, and innovations (pp. 15-35). Routledge.
Macedo, D. (2000). The colonialism of the English only movement. Educational Researcher, 29(3), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.2307/1176913
Macedo, D. (2019). Rupturing the yoke of colonialism in foreign language education: An introduction. In D. Macedo (Ed.), Decolonizing foreign language education: The misteaching of English and other colonial languages (pp. 1-49). Routledge.
Martin, A. D., & Strom, K. J. (2015). Neoliberalism and the teaching of English learners: Decentering the teacher and student subject. The SoJo Journal, 1(1), 23-43. https://doi.org/10.1108/SOJO-10-2015-0003
Meighan, P. J. (2020). A case for decolonizing English language instruction. ELT Journal, 74(1), 83-85. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccz055
Meighan, P. J. (2023). Colonialingualism: Colonial legacies, imperial mindsets, and inequitable practices in English language education. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 17(2), 146-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/15595692.2022.2082406
Meighan, P. J. (2025). Transepistemic language teacher education: A framework for plurilingualism, translanguaging, and challenging colonialingualism. The Modern Language Journal, 109(3), 651-670. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.13020
Mignolo, W. D., & Walsh, C. E. (2018). On decoloniality: Concepts, analytics, praxis. Duke University Press.
Morrell, E. (2008). Critical literacy and urban youth: Pedagogies of access, dissent, and liberation. Routledge.
Motha, S. (2006). Decolonizing ESOL: Negotiating linguistic power in U.S. public school classrooms. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies: An International Journal, 3(2&3), 75-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427587.2006.9650841
Motha, S. (2014). Race, empire, and English language teaching. Teachers College Press.
Motha, S. (2020). Is an antiracist and decolonizing applied linguistics possible? Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 40, 128-133. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190520000100
Pechapan-Hammond, S. (2020). English in Thailand. In K. Bolton, W. Botha, & A. Kirkpatrick (Eds.), The handbook of Asian Englishes (pp. 629-648). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118791882.ch27
Pennycook, A. (1989). The concept of method, interested knowledge, and the politics of language teaching, TESOL Quarterly, 23(4), 589-618. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587534
Pennycook, A. (1990). Towards a critical applied linguistics for the 1990s. Issues in Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 8-28. https://doi.org/10.5070/L411004991
Pennycook, A. (1994). The cultural politics of English as an international language. Routledge.
Pennycook, A. (1997). Critical applied linguistics and education. In R. Wodak, & D. Corson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of language and education volume 1: Language policy and political issues in education (pp. 23-31). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Pennycook, A. (1998). English and the discourses of colonialism. Routledge.
Pennycook, A. (1999). Introduction: Critical approaches to TESOL. TESOL Quarterly, 33(3), 329-348. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587668
Pennycook, A. (2000). English, politics, ideology: From colonial celebration to postcolonial performativity. In T. Ricento (Ed.), Ideology, politics and language policies (pp. 107-119). John Benjamins.
Pennycook, A. (2007). ELT and colonialism. In J. Cummins & C. Davison (Eds.), International handbook of English language teaching (pp. 13-24). Springer.
Pennycook, A. (2010). English and globalization. In J. Maybin, & J. Swan (Eds.), The Routledge companion to English language studies (pp. 113-121). Routledge.
Pennycook, A. (2016). Politics, power relationships and ELT. In G. Hall (ed.), The Routledge handbook of English language teaching. (pp. 26-37). Routledge.
Pennycook, A. (2021). Critical applied linguistics: A critical re-introduction. Routledge.
Pennycook, A. (2022). Critical applied linguistics in the 2020s. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 19(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427587.2022.2030232
Pennycook, A., & Makoni, S. (2019). Innovations and challenges in applied linguistics from the global south. Routledge.
Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford University Press.
Phillipson, R. (1998). Globalizing English: Are linguistic human rights an alternative to linguistic imperialism? Language Sciences, 20(1), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0388-0001(97)00015-6
Phillipson, R. (2018). Linguistic imperialism and NNESTS. In J. I. Liontas (Ed.), The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0023
Rodrigues, W., Albuquerque, F. E., & Miller, M. (2019). Decolonizing English language teaching for Brazilian indigenous peoples. Educação & Realidade, Porto Alegre, 44(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-623681725
Sameephet, B. (2025). Decolonising the TESOL curriculum in Thailand through global Englishes: A wake-up call. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 18(2), 594-635. https://doi.org/10.70730/OONQ6505
Satienchayakorn, N., & Grant, R. (2023). (Re)contextualizing English language teaching in Thailand to address racialized and ‘Othered’ inequities in ELT. Language, Culture, and Curriculum, 36(1), 39-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2022.2044841
Schneider, E. W. (2007). Postcolonial English: Varieties around the world. Cambridge University Press.
Shin, H. (2006). Rethinking TESOL from a SOL’s perspective: Indigenous epistemology and decolonizing praxis in TESOL. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies: An International Journal, 3(2&3), 147-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427587.2006.9650844
Smith, L. T. (2021). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and indigenous peoples (3rd ed.). ZED.
Smith, M. D. (2021). Social reproduction as language policy: The neoliberal co-option of English in global Japan. Educational Policy, 36(7), 1652-1678. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904821999840
Stinson, C., & Migliarini, V. (2023). Race had never been an issue: Examining white supremacy in English language teaching. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 44(2), 201-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2022.2145933
Suraweera, D. (2022). Plurilingualism in a constructively aligned and decolonized TESOL curriculum. TESL Canada Journal, 38(2), 186-198. https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v38i2.1355
Tuck, V., & Yang, K. W. (2012). Decolonization is not a metaphor. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 1(1), 1-40. https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/18630
Tupas, R. (2022). The coloniality of native speakerism. Asian Englishes, 24(2), 147-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2022.2056797
Yeung, S., & Gray, J. (2025). The neoliberal coloniality of EMI in Hong Kong higher education: Insights from online stancetaking. Applied Linguistics Review, 16(4), 1481-1499. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2024-0145