Metallic Element Contaminant and nutrient assessment in sediments and water at marine fish farms of sea bass and sea bream in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2021.240838Keywords:
Fish farms, MECs, Nutrients, Sediments, Water column, Gulf of HammametAbstract
Concentration of selected Metallic Element Contaminants (MECs) (Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, and K), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), and Total Nitrogen (TN) in the superficial layer of sediments from 4 fish farms in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea were studied in order to evaluate the environmental effects of marine aquaculture and to establish correlations between aquaculture and the accumulation of MECs. The levels of nutrients (Nitrate (NO3, Nitrite (NO2), Ammonium (NH4), Phosphate (PO4), Silicate (Si), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Phosphorus (TP)) in the water column were evaluated. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Cu were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metallic elements Fe, Zn, Mg, Mn, K, Na, and Ca were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Mercury was analyzed by Direct Analyzer of Mercury. Nutrients analyses were carried out by Autoanalyzer. The levels of MECs obtained varied between 0.04 and 0.25 μg g-1 dry weight for Cd; 16.3 and 46 μg g-1 dry weight for Pb; and 9 and 46 μg kg-1 dry weight for Hg. The levels of nutrients in µmol/l varied between 0.96 and 2.79 for NO3; 1.75 and 4.07 for NH4; and 0.1 and 0.5 for NO2. The results suggested that MEC enrichment in the sediments may be attributed to fish farm effluents, although metal concentrations were not likely to cause harmful effects in the marine ecosystem. The nutrient levels in the water column could be due to sources arising from various anthropogenic activities within the study area. Moreover, the spatial variability was due to increasing nutrient concentrations at the localities close to nonpoint sources. Continuous monitoring and further studies of the area are recommended to determine long-term effects.
References
Adams, W. J., Kimerle, R. R., & Barnett, J. W. (1992). Sediment quality and aquatic life assessment. Environmental Science & Technology, 26(10), 1864-1875. doi:10.1021/es00034a001
Aksu, M., & Kocatas, A. (2007). Environmental effects of the three fish farms in Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea-Turkey) on water column and sediment. Rapport du 38e Congrés de la Commission Internationale Pour l’Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée, 38, 414.
Aydin-Onen, S., Kocak, F., & Kucuksezgin, F. (2012). Evaluation of spatial and temporal variations of inorganic nutrient species in the eastern Aegean Sea waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(12), 2849-2856. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.08.032
Basaran, A. K., Aksu, M., & Egemen, O. (2010). Impacts of the fish farms on the water column nutrient concentrations and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments in the eastern Aegean sea (Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 162(1-4), 439-451. doi:10.1007/s10661-009-0808-x
Belias, C. V., Bikas, V. G., Dassenakis, M. J., & Scoullos, M. J. (2003). Environmental impacts of coastal aquaculture in eastern Mediterranean bays. The case of Astakos Gulf, Greece. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 10(5), 287-295. doi:10.1065/espr2003.06.159
Brooks, K. M., & Mahnken, C. V. W. (2003). Interactions of Atlantic salmon in the Pacific Northwest environment III. Accumulation of zinc and copper. Fisheries Research, 62(3), 295-305. doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(03)00065-1
Calace, N., Ciardullo, S., Petronio, B. M., Pietrantonio, M., Abbondanzi, F., & Campisi, T. (2005). Influence of chemical parameters (heavy metals, organic matter, sulphur and nitrogen) on toxicity of sediments from the Mar Piccolo (Taranto, Ionian Sea, Italy). Microchemical Journal, 79(1-2), 243-248. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2004.10.005
Chou, C. L., Haya, K., Paon, L. A., Burridge, L., & Moffatt, J. D. (2002). Aquaculture-related trace metals in sediments and lobsters and relevance to environmental monitoring program ratings for nearfield effects. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(11), 1259-1268. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00219-9
Davis, H. T., Marjorie, A. C., McDermott, S., & Lawson, A. B. (2009). Identifying natural and anthropogenic sources of metals in urban and rural soils using GIS-based data, PCA, and spatial interpolation. Environmental Pollution, 157(8-9), 2378-2385. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.03.021
Dean, R. J., Shimmield, T. M., & Black, K. D. (2007). Copper, zinc and cadmium in marine cage fish farm sediments: An extensive survey. Environmental Pollution, 145(1), 84-95. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.050
Demirak, A., Balci, A., & Tufekci, M. (2006). Environmental impact of the marine aquaculture in Gulluk Bay. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 123(1-3), 1-12. doi:10.1007/s10661-005-9063-y
Dosdat, A. (2001). Environmental impact of aquaculture in the Mediterranean: Nutritional and feeding aspects. In: Uriarte, A., & Basurco, B. (Eds.). Environmental impact assessment of Mediterranean aquaculture farms (pp. 23-36). Zaragoza, Spain Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes, 55 A. INO Reproducciones, S.A.
Enell, M., & Ackefors, H. (1991). Nutrient discharges from aquaculture operations in Nordic countries into adjacent sea areas (p. 17). In: Proceedings of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.
Ennouri, R., Chouba, L., Magni, P., & Kraiem, M. M. (2010). Spatial distribution of trace metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) and oligo-elements (Mg, Ca, Na and K) in surface sediments of the Gulf of Tunis (Northern Tunisia). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 163, 229-239. doi:10.1007/s10661-009-0829-5
Ennouri, R., Mili, S., & Missaoui, H. (2015). Assessment of Metallic Element Contaminants in sediment of Four Tunisian Fish Farms (Eastern Mediterranean). Life and Environment, 65(3), 129-137.
FAO. (1992). Guidelines for the promotion of environmental management of coastal aquaculture development. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 328, Rome.
Feng, H., Han, X., Zhang, W., & Yu, L. (2004). A preliminary study of heavy metal contamination in Yangtze River intertidal zone due to urbanization. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49(11-12), 910-915. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.06.014
Froelich, P. N. (1980). Analysis of organic carbon in marine sediments. Limnology and Oceanography, 25(3), 242-248.
GESAMP. (1990). Review of potentially harmful substances. N°34, p. 58.
Gonzalez-Macias, C., Schifter, I., Lluch-Cota, D. B., Mendez-Rodriguez, L., & Hernandez-Vasquez, S. (2006). Distribution, enrichment and accumulation of heavy metals in coastal sediments of Salina Cruz Bay, Mexico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 118, 211-230. doi:10.1007/s10661-006-1492-8
Hall, P. O. J., Anderson, L. G., Holby, O., Kollberg, S., & Samuelsson, M. O. (1990). Chemical fluxes and mass balances in a marine fish cage farm. I. Carbon. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 61(1-2), 61-73. doi:10.3354/meps061061
Hedges, J. I., & Stern, J. K. (1984). Carbon and nitrogen determinations of carbonate-containing solids. Limnology and Oceanography, 29(3), 657-663.
Holmer, M., Wildfish, D., & Hargrave, B. (2005). Organic enrichment from marine finfish Aquaculture and effects on sediment biogeochemical processes. In: Hargrave, B. T. (Ed.). Environmental effects of marine finfish aquaculture (pp. 181-206). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
Idris, A. M. (2008). Combining multivariate analysis and geochemical approaches for assessing heavy metal level in sediments from Sudanese harbors along the Red Sea coast. Microchemical Journal, 90(2), 159-163. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2008.05.004
Jaysankar, D., Fukami, K., Iwasaki, K., & Okamura, K. (2009). Occurrenceof heavy metals in the sediments of Uranouchi Inlet, Kochi prefecture, Japan. Fisheries Science, 75(2), 413-423. doi:10.1007/s12562-008-0054-0
Kähkönen, M. A, Pantsar-Kallio, M., & Manninen, P. K. G. (1997). Analysing heavy metal concentrations in the different parts of Elodea canadensis and surface sediment with PCA in two boreal lakes in Southern Finland. Chemosphere, 35(11), 2645-2656. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00337-8
Kempf, M., Merceron, M., Cadour, G., Jeanneret, H., Mear, Y., & Miramand, P. (2002). Environmental impact of a salmonid farm on a well flushed marine site: II. Biosedimentology. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 18(1), 51-60. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00307.x
Kormas, K. A., Nicolaidou, A., & Reizopolou, S. (2001). Temporal variations of nutrients chlorophyll a and Particulate Matter in three coastal Lagoons of Amvrakikos gulf (Ionian Sea, Greece). Marine Ecology, 22(3), 201-213. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0485.2001.01720.x
Liu, C., Wang, Z. Y., He, G., & Wu, Y. S. (2003). Investigation of water quality in the estuaries around Bohai Bay. Environmental Pollution Control, 25(4), 222-225.
Luoma, S. N. (1990). Processes affecting metal concentrations in estuarine and coastal marine sediments. In: Furness, R. W., & Rainbow, P. S. (Eds.). Heavy metals in the marine environment (pp. 1-124). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Mantzavrakos, E., Kornaros, M., Lyberatos, G., & Kaspiris, P. (2007). Impact of marine fish farm in Agrolikos Gulf (Greece) on the water column and the sediment. Desalination, 210(1-3), 110-124. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2006.05.037
Mendiguchia, C., Moreno, C., Manuel-Vez, M. P., & Garcia-Vargas, M. (2006). Preliminary investigation on the enrichment of heavy metals in marine sediments originated from intensive aquaculture effluents. Aquaculture, 254(1-4), 317-325. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.10.049
Morillo, J., Usero, J., & Gracia, I. (2004). Heavy metal distribution in marine sediments from the southwest coast of Spain. Chemosphere, 55(3), 431-442. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.10.047
Mucha, A. P., Vasconcelos, M. T. S. D., & Bordalo, A. A. (2003). Macrobenthic community in the Douro Estuary relations with trace metals and natural sediment characteristics. Environmental Pollution, 121(2), 169-180. doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00229-4
Neofitou, N., & Klaoudatos, S. (2008). Effects of fish farming on the water column nutrient concentration in a semi-enclosed gulf of the eastern Mediterranean. Aquaculture Research, 39(5), 482-490. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01900.x
Otero, X. L., Vidal-Torrado, P., Anta, R. M. C. D., & Macias, F. (2005). Trace elements in biodeposits and sediments from mussel culture in the Ria de Arousa (Galicia, NW Spain). Environmental Pollution, 136(1), 119-134. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.11.026
Passos, E. A., Alves, J. C., Santos, I. S. D., Alves, J. P. H., Garcia, C. A. B., & Costa, A. S. (2010). Assessment of trace metals contamination in estuarine sediments using a sequential extraction technique and principal component analysis. Microchemical Journal, 96(1), 50-57. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2010.01.018
Pekey, H., Karakaş, D., Ayberk, S., Tolun, L., & Bakoglu, M. (2004). Ecological risk assessment using trace elements from surface sediments of Izmit Bay (Northeastern Marmara Sea) Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48(9-10), 946-953. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.11.023
Pitta, P., Apostolaki, E. T., Giannoulaki, M., & Karakassis, I. (2005). Mesoscale changes in the water column in response to fish farming zones in three coastal areas in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 65(3), 501-512. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2005.06.021
Reid, M. K., & Spencer, K. L. (2009). Use of principal components analysis (PCA) on estuarine sediment datasets: The effect of data pre-treatment. Environmental Pollution, 157(8-9), 2275-2281. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.03.033
Rooney, R. C., & Podemski, C. L. (2010). Freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming affects sediment and porewater chemistry. Marine and Freshwater Research, 61(5), 513-526. doi:10.1071/MF09097
Rosa, T. L., Mirto, S., Favaloro, E., Savona, B., Sara, G., Danovaro, R., & Mazzola, A. (2002). Impact on the water column biogeochemistry of a Mediterranean mussel and fish farm. Water Research, 36(3), 713-721. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00274-3
Roussiez, V., Ludwig, W., Probst, J. L., & Monaco, A. (2005). Background levels of heavy metals in surficial sediments of the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean): An approach based on 133Cs normalization and lead isotope measurements. Environmental Pollution, 138(1), 167-177. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.02.004
Rowlatt, S. M., & Lovell, D. R. (1994). Lead, Zinc and chromium in sediments around England and wales. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 28(5), 324-329. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(94)90159-7
Russell, M., Robinson, C. D., Walsham, P., Webster, L., & Moffat, C. F. (2011). Persistent organic pollutants and trace metals in sediments close to Scottish marine fish farms. Aquaculture, 319(1-2), 262-271. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.06.030
Sanz-Lázaro, C., & Marín, A. (2011). Diversity Patterns of Benthic Macrofauna Caused by Marine Fish Farming. Diversity, 3(4), 176-199. doi:10.3390/d3020176
Sarkar, K. S., Frančišković-Bilinski, S., Bhattacharya, A., Saha, M., & Bilinski, H. (2004). Levels of elements in the surficial estuarine sediments of the Hugli River, northeast India and their environmental implications. Environment International, 30(8), 1089-1098. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2004.06.005
Schendel, E. K., Nordstrom, S. E., & Lavkulich, L. M. (2004). Floc and sediment properties and their environmental distribution from a marine fish farm. Aquaculture Research, 35(5), 483-493. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01042.x
Smith, J. N., Yeats, P. A., & Milligan, T. G. (2005). Sediment geochronologies for fish farm contaminants in Line Kiln Bay, Bay of Fundy. Environmental Chemistry, 5, 221-238. doi:10.1007/b136012
Strickland, J. D. H, & Parsons, T. R. (1972). A practical handbook of seawater analysis, bulletin. 2nd ed. Ottowa, Canada: Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin No. 167.
Sutherland, T. F., Petersen, S. A., Levings, C. D., & Martin, A. J. (2007). Distinguishing between natural and aquaculture-derived sediment concentrations of heavy metals in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54(9), 1451-1460. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.05.010
Tam, N. F. Y., & Wong, Y. S. (2000). Spatial variation of heavy metals in surface sediments of Hong Kong mangrove swamps. Environmental Pollution, 110(2), 195-205. doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00310-3
Tovar, A., Moreno, C., Mánuel-Vez, M. P., & García-Vargas, M. (2000). Environmental impacts of intensive aquaculture in marine waters. Water Research, 34(1), 334-342. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00102-5
Uotila, J. (1991). Metal contents and spread of fish farming sludge in southwestern Finland. In: Mäkinen, T. (Ed.). Marine aquaculture and environment (pp. 120-125). Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Council of Ministers.
Veinott, G., Perron-Cashman, S., & Anderson, M. R. (2001). Baseline metal concentrations in coastal Labrador sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(3), 182-192. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00141-7
World Health Organization. (1984). Guidelines for drinking water quality V1, Recommendations (p. 130). Geneva, Switzerland.
Zhang, L., Ye, X., Feng, H., Jing, Y., Ouyang, T., Yu, X., Ling, R., Gao, C., & Chen, W. (2007). Heavy metal contamination in western Xiamen Bay sediments and its vicinity, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54(7), 974-982. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.02.010
Zhang, W., Liu, X., Cheng, H., Zeng, E. Y., & Hu, Y. (2012). Heavy metal pollution in sediments of a typical mariculture zone in South China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(4), 712-720. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.01.042
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
