Utility of 3D printing in ship repairs

Authors

  • Nitin Agarwala Centre for Joint Warfare Studies, New Delhi 110010, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2025.272285

Keywords:

3D Printing; Additive manufacturing; Ships; Repair; Sustainability

Abstract

With a growing focus on Sustainable Development Goals 2030, sustainability has become crucial in the shipping industry. Disruptive technologies like 3D printing can reduce manufacturing and operating costs, ensuring a robust spare supply chain for ships and offshore platforms. This technology can manufacture complex shapes, aiding in repairs and maintenance without requiring extensive cutting and welding. However, the unique and non-repetitive nature of ship repairs has hindered automation in this sector. This paper examines the utility of 3D printing in ship repairs, aiming to reduce repair costs and time while enhancing sustainability. The study shows that numerous advantages exist in using this technology in the shipping industry. However, its usage needs to be facilitated with adequate public awareness, preparation of procedures for manufacturing 3D printed parts, and standardization of 3D printers.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cite this article: Agarwala, N. (2025). Utility of 3D printing in ship repairs. Maritime Technology and Research, 7(1), 270067. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2025.272285
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Highlights

  • Sustainability has become an important aspect in the shipping industry
  • Disruptive technologies like 3-D printing can help achieve the desired sustainability
  • Use of 3D printers for ship repairs can improve availability of ships
  • Use of 3D printing for ship spares requires manufacturing procedures to be specified by the classification societies

References

D Hubs. (n.d.). 3D printing vs. CNC machining: Which is better for prototyping and end-use parts? Retrieved from https://www.3dhubs.com/knowledge-base/3d-printing-vs-cnc-machining#conclusions

ASTM. (2012). F2792-12a, Standard terminology for additive manufacturing technologies. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

Agarwala, N. (2022). Role of policy framework for disruptive technologies in the maritime domain. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, 14(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2021.1904602

Alexandrea, P. (2022). Take a closer look at 3D printed applications in the Maritime Sector. 3Dnatives.com. Retrieved from https://www.3dnatives.com/en/3d-printing-maritime-applications230820174/#

Allen, A. (2017). Coast Guard prints spares while at sea. CIPS. Retrieved from https://www.cips.org/supply-management/news/2017/august/coast-guard-put-3d-printers-on-ships

Aloyaydi, B. A., Sivasankaran, S., & Ammar, H. R. (2019). Influence of infill density on microstructure and flexural behavior of 3D printed PLA thermoplastic parts processed by fusion deposition modelling. AIMS Material Science, 6, 1033-1048. https://doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2019.6.1033

Amelia, H. (2021). Navigating the best examples of 3D printed boats. 3Dnatives.com. Retrieved from https://www.3dnatives.com/en/3d-printed-boats-300320214/#!

Ballardini, R. M., Flores Ituarte, I., & Pei, E. (2018). Printing spare parts through additive manufacturing: Legal and digital business challenges. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 29(6), 958-982. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-12-2017-0270

Bayramoğlu, K., Kaya, K. D., Yilmaz, S., Göksu, B., & Murato, B. (2019). Utilization of 3D printing technologies in marine applications. In Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on 3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing) Technologies and Digital Industry. Antalya, TR.

Bergsma, J. M., Zalm, M., & Pruyn, J. F. J. (2016). 3D-printing and the maritime construction sector. In Proceedings of the 10th Symposium on High-performance Marine Vehicles, Cortona.

Calle, M. A. G., Salmi, M., Mazzariol, L. M., Alves, M., & Kujala, P. (2020). Additive manufacturing of miniature marine structures for crashworthiness verification: Scaling technique and experimental tests. Marine Structures, 72, 102764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2020.102764

Carlota, V. (2019). University of Maine creates the world’s largest 3D printed boats. 3Dnatives. Retrieved from https://www.3dnatives.com/en/3d-printed-boat-university-of-maine-161020195/#!

Chand, R., Sharma, V. S., & Trehan, R. (2021). Investigating mechanical properties of 3D printed parts manufactured in different orientations on multijet printer. International Journal of Mechatronics and Manufacturing Systems, 14(2), 164-179. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMMS.2021.119157

Dektyarev, A. V., Grishin, P. R., Pchelintsev, A. V., & Morozov, V. N. (2019). Application of 3D-printing in marine engineering as exemplified by ship fire automatics system repair. Research Bulletin by Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, 54/55, 87-95.

Department of the Navy. (2017). Additive Manufacturing (AM) Implementation Plan V2.0 (2017), AD1041527. Defense Technical Information Center. Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1041527

EDA. (2018). AM manufacturing feasibility study & technology demonstration EDA AM State of the Art & Strategic Report. Retrieved from https://eda.europa.eu/docs/default-source/projects/eda-am-study-and-strategic-report_v6.pdf

Gardner, N. (2021). Introduction to 3D printing in the maritime industry. Thetius. Retrieved from https://thetius.com/3d-printing-in-the-maritime-industry

Goh, G. D., Dikshit, V., An, J., & Yeong, W. Y. (2022). Process-structure-property of additively manufactured continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic: An investigation of mode I interlaminar fracture toughness. Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 29(10), 1418-1430. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2020.1821266

Green Ship of the Future. (2016). The opportunity space of 3D print in the maritime industry. Retrieved from https://greenship.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/The-maritime-opportunity-space-of-3D-print.pdf

Green Ship of the Future. (2017). Can 3D print technology be used for repair and reconditioning, reducing the number of scrapped maritime parts? Retrieved from https://greenship.org/can-3d-print-technology-be-used-for-repair-and-reconditioning-reducing-the-number-of-scrapped-maritime-parts

Haghsefat, K., & Tingting, L. (2020). 3D printing and traditional manufacturing technology analysis and comparison. In Proceedings of the 10th Annual national Conference of Iranian Society of Mechanical Engineers. Tehran, Iran.

Housel, T. J., Mun, J., Ford, D. N., & Hom, S. (2015). Benchmarking naval shipbuilding with 3D laser scanning, additive manufacturing, and collaborative product lifecycle management. Monterey. Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1014631.pdf

ISO/PRF 17296-1. (2015). Additive manufacturing-General principles: Part 1. Terminology. Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:17296:-1:dis:ed-1:v1:en

Jha, S. K. (2016). Emerging technologies: Impact on shipbuilding. Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India, 12(2), 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2016.1239359

Jiang, R., Kleer, R., & Piller, F. T. (2017). Predicting the future of additive manufacturing: A Delphi study on economic and societal implications of 3D printing for 2030. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 117, 84-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.01.006

Junghans, E., & Govindaraj, R. B. (2022). Additive manufacturing enters the maritime mainstream. DNV. Retrieved from https://www.dnv.com/expert-story/maritime-impact/Additive-Manufacturing-enters-the-maritime-mainstream.html

Kandukuri, S. (2019). Additive manufacturing for marine parts—A market feasibility study with Singapore perspective, Report No.: 2019-9172P, Rev. 1. Retrieved from https://www.mpa.gov.sg/docs/mpalibraries/mpa-documents-files/ittd/key-mint-fund-projects/additive-manufacturing-market-feasibility-study_public-version.pdf

Kantaros, A., & Dimitrios, P. (2021). Employing a low-cost desktop 3D printer: Challenges, and how to overcome them by tuning key process parameters. International Journal of Mechanics and Applications, 10(1), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.mechanics.20211001.02

Kantaros, A., Soulis, E., Ganetsos, T., Petrescu, F. I. T. (2023a). Applying a combination of cutting-edge industry 4.0 processes towards fabricating a customized component. Processes, 11(5), 1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11051385

Kantaros, A., Ganetsos, T., & Piromalis, D. (2023b). 3D and 4D printing as integrated manufacturing methods of Industry 4.0. American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 16(1), 12-22. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2023.12.22

Kantaros, A., & Ganetsos, T. (2024). Integration of cyber-physical systems, digital twins and 3D printing in advanced manufacturing: A synergistic approach. American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 17(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2024.1.22

Kantaros, A., Ganetsos, T., Petrescu, F. I. T., Ungureanu, L. M., & Munteanu, I. S. (2024). Post-production finishing processes utilized in 3D printing technologies. Processes, 12(3). 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12030595

Knulst, R. (2016). 3D printing of marine spares: A case study on the acceptance in the maritime industry. Master’s Thesis, Open Universiteit, Heerlen, The Nederland.

Kostidi, E., & Nikitakos, N. (2017). Exploring the potential of 3D printing of the spare parts supply chain in the maritime industry (pp. 171-178). Gdynia, Poland: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315099088-29

Kostidi, E., Nikitakos, N., & Progoulakis, I. (2021). Additive manufacturing and maritime spare parts: Benefits and obstacles for the end-users. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(8), 895. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080895

Kostidi, E., Nikitakos, N., Lilas, T., & Dalaklis, D. (2024). Stakeholders’ perceptions on the introduction of additive manufacturing (AM) in the maritime spare parts supply chain. Maritime Technology and Research, 6(2), 268186. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2024.268186

Luis, E., Pan, H. M., Sing, S. L., Bastola, A. K., Goh, G. D., Goh, G. L., Tan, H. K. J., Bajpai, R., Song, J., & Yeong, W. Y. (2019). Silicone 3D printing: Process optimization, product biocompatibility, and reliability of silicone meniscus implants. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 6, 319-332. https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2018.0226

Mecheter, A., Pokharel, S., & Tarlochan, F. (2022). Additive manufacturing technology for spare parts application: A systematic review on supply chain management. Applied Sciences, 12(9), 4160. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094160

Mélanie, W. (2022). The role of large format additive manufacturing in boat building and repair. 3Dnatives. Retrieved from https://www.3dnatives.com/en/large-format-additive-manufacturing-boat-building-repair-210920224/#!

Mohammed, J. S. (2016). Applications of 3D printing technologies in oceanography. Methods in Oceanography, 17, 97-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mio.2016.08.001

Natali, S., Brotzu, A., & Pilone, D. (2019). Comparison between mechanical properties and structures of a rolled and a 3D-printed stainless steel. Materials, 12(23), 3867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233867

Naval Sea Systems Command. (n.d). Print the fleet. Retrieved from https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/NSWC_Dahlgren/WhatWeDo/PrinttheFleet/InHouse_DNeck_Print_the_Fleet_Trifold.pdf

Nickels, L., & Fowler, L. (2017). Researches tackle 3D printing for maritime duties. Metal Powder Report, 72, 363-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mprp.2017.08.022

Pappalardo, J. (2018). How putting A.I. brains into 3D printers will change the game for the navy. Popular Mechanics. Retrieved from https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a23546501/us-navy-3d-printer-machine-learning-parts/

Peterson, E. (2022). Recent innovations in additive manufacturing for marine vessels. Maritime Technology and Research, 4(4), 257491. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2022.257491

Phillips, B. T., Allder, J., Bolan, G., Nagle, R. S., Redington, A., Hellebrekers, T., John, B., Nikolai, P., & Licht, S. (2020). Additive manufacturing aboard a moving vessel at sea using passively stabilized stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing. Additive Manufacturing, 31, 100969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100969

Port of Rotterdam. (2016). 3D printing of marine spares. Retrieved from https://marinetraining.eu/sites/default/files/2022-01/3D%20Printing%20of%20Maritime%20Spare%20Parts.pdf

Pour, M. A., & Zanoni, S. (2017). Impact of merging components by additive manufacturing in spare parts management. Procedia Manufacturing, 11, 610-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.155

Prinz, F. B., Atwood, C.L., Aubin, R. F., Beaman, J. J., Brown, R. L., Fussell, P. S., Lightman, A. J., Sachs, E., Weiss, L. E., & Wozny, W. J. (1997). Final report, JTEC/WTEC panel on rapid prototyping in Europe and Japan. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20170830061713/http://www.wtec.org/pdf/rp_vi.pdf

Rashid, A. A., Shoukat, A. K., Sami, G. A. G., Muammer, K. (2020). Additive manufacturing: Technology, applications, markets, and opportunities for the built environment. Automation in Construction, 118, 103268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103268

Rouf, S., Raina, A., Ul Haq, M. I., Naveed, N., Jeganmohan, S., & Kichloo, A. F. (2022). 3D printed parts and mechanical properties: Influencing parameters, sustainability aspects, global market scenario, challenges and applications. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, 5(3), 143-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.02.001

Saniman, M. N. F., Hashim, M. M., Mohammad, K. A., Abd Wahid, K. A., Muhamad, W. W., & Mohamed, N. N. (2020). Tensile characteristics of low density infill patterns for mass reduction of 3D printed polylactic parts. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, 17(2), 7927-7934. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.17.2.2020.11.0592

Shellabear, M., & Nyrhila, O. (2004). DMLS-Development history and state of the art. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20060820222043/http://bettamachinetools.com.au/dls/HistoryanddevelopementofDMLS_net.pdf

Silva, D., Garrido, J., Lekube, B., & Arrillaga, A. (2023). On-board and port 3D printing to promote a maritime plastic circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 407, 137151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137151

Startus. (n.d). 4 top additive manufacturing solutions impacting the shipbuilding industry. Startus. Retrieved from https://www.startus-insights.com/innovators-guide/4-top-additive-manufacturing-solutions-impacting-the-shipbuilding-industry

Strickland, J, D. (2016). Applications of additive manufacturing in the marine industry. In Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium Practical Design of Ships and Offshore Structures. Copenhagn, DK. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29930.31685

Syed, A. M. T., Elias, P. K., Amit, B., Susmita, B., Lisa, O., & Charitidis, C. (2017). Additive manufacturing: Scientific and technological challenges, market uptake and opportunities. Materials Today, 1, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.07.001

Sullivan, B. P., Desai, S., Sole, J., Rossi, M., Ramundo, L., & Terzi, S. (2020). Maritime 4.0 - Opportunities in digitalization and advanced manufacturing for vessel development. Procedia Manufacturing, 42, 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.078

Tampi, T. (2020). Breaking Ice: 3D printed parts refurbish icebreaker ships for Arctic Sea Transport. 3D Print.com. Retrieved from https://3dprint.com/273462/breaking-ice-3d-printed-parts-refurbish-icebreaker-ships-for-arctic-sea-transport

Tanikella, N., Wittbrodt, B., & Pearce, J. (2017). Tensile strength of commercial polymer materials for fused filament fabrication. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 15, 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.03.005

Tsaramirsis, G., Kantaros, A., Al-Darraji, I., Piromalis, D., Apostolopoulos, C., Pavlopoulou, A., Alrammal, M., Ismail, Z., Buhari, S. M., Stojmenovic, M., Tamimi, H., Randhawa, P., Patel, A., & Khan, F. Q. (2022). A modern approach towards an Industry 4.0 model: From driving technologies to management. Journal of Sensors, 2022, 5023011. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5023011

UConn. (2017). Full speed ahead: Using additive manufacturing to repair ships at sea. UConn Today. Retrieved from https://today.uconn.edu/2017/12/full-speed-ahead-using-additive-manufacturing-repair-ships-sea/#

van Oudheusden, A., Bolaños Arriola, J., Faludi, J., Flipsen, B., & Balkenende, R. (2023). 3D printing for repair: An approach for enhancing repair. Sustainability, 15, 5168. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065168

Vafadar, A., Guzzomi, F., Rassau, A., & Hayward, K. (2021). Advances in metal additive manufacturing: A review of common processes, industrial applications, and current challenges. Applied Sciences, 11(3), 1213. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11031213

Vujovic, I., Šoda, J., Kuzmanic, I. (2015). The impact of 3D printing technology on ship system’s availability. Naše More, 62, 93-96. https://doi.org/10.17818/NM/2015/4.8

Vujovic, I., Šoda, J., Kuzmanić, I., & Petković, M. (2021). Parameters evaluation in 3D spare parts printing. Electronics, 10(4), 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10040365

Wang, Y., Blache, R., & Xun, X. (2017). Selection of additive manufacturing processes. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 23(2), 434-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-09-2015-0123

Wilhelmsen. (n.d). 3D Printing: Offering a stronger and more resilient supply chain for spare parts. Wilhelmsen. Retrieved from https://www.wilhelmsen.com/ships-service/digital-ventures-mp/3d-printing-Offering-A-Stronger-and-More-Resilient-Supply-Chain-for-Spare-Parts

Ziółkowski, M., & Dyl, T. (2020). Possible applications of additive manufacturing technologies in shipbuilding: A review. Machines, 8, 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines8040084

Zisopol, D. G., Portoaca, A. I., Nae, I., & Ramadan, I. (2022). A comparative analysis of the mechanical properties of annealed PLA. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 12(4), 8978-8981. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5123

Downloads

Published

2024-07-17