Adoption of digital technologies in the maritime industry: Insights from Singapore

Authors

  • Angeline Yan Ning Tan CMA CGM & ANL (Singapore) Pte Ltd, 138588, Singapore
  • Hui Shan Loh School of Business, Singapore University of Social Sciences, 599494, Singapore
  • Cheng-Hsien Hsieh School of Business, Singapore University of Social Sciences, 599494, Singapore
  • Maria Cecilia Rojas Lopez School of Business, Singapore University of Social Sciences, 599494, Singapore

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2025.275821

Keywords:

Digital technologies; Maritime; Digitalization; Sustainability; Singapore; Cybersecurity

Abstract

Following the global trend, diverse digital tools are being adopted in the maritime industry. This development is especially relevant for Singapore, an island maritime nation of great significance in global trade. Therefore, understanding the maritime stakeholders’ perspectives is crucial in identifying critical factors affecting digital technology adoption. This study uses a mixed-methods approach that comprises in-depth interviews with three interviewees and a preliminary survey with 30 respondents. All respondents have encountered adopting digital technologies at their companies. The analyses reveal that the maritime industry recognizes digitalization as essential in addressing key challenges, including costs, cybersecurity, adaption to new technology, and sustainability, among others. Enabling policies such as standardization, cybersecurity measures, and information sharing are required at both industry and operational levels. In addition, digitization is identified as the most important trend, or the most disruptive technology, impacting Singapore’s maritime industry in the long-term, followed by big data analytics. This investigation highlights the growing push for digital tool adoption in the maritime sector, addressing its unique characteristics. The preliminary framework contributes to addressing potential challenges and developing strategies for successful digitalization implementation.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cite this article:

Tan, A.Y.N., Loh, H.S., Hsieh, C.H., Lopez, M.C.R. (2025). Adoption of digital technologies in the maritime industry: Insights from Singapore. Maritime Technology and Research, 7(3), 275821. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2025.275821
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Highlights

  • The maritime industry is increasingly adopting diverse digital technologies in response to global trends.
  • A mixed-methods approach, including in-depth interviews and a survey, was used
  • Key challenges identified were digitalisation costs, cybersecurity challenges, adaptation to disruptive technologies and sustainability issues
  • Main themes identified are drivers, organisational willingness and digital readiness
  • Enabling policies are required at both industry and operational levels

References

Alamoush, A. S., Ballini, F., & Ölçer, A. I. (2022). Ports, maritime transport, and industry: The immediate impact of COVID-19 and the way forward. Maritime Technology and Research, 4(1), 250092. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2022.250092

Amro, A., Oruc, A., Gkioulos, V., & Katsikas, S. (2022), Navigation data anomaly analysis and detection. Information, 13(3), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/info13030104

Annarelli, A., Battistella, C., Nonino, F., Parida, V., & Pessot, E. (2021). Literature review on digitalization capabilities: Co-citation analysis of antecedents, conceptualization and consequences. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 166, 120635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120635

Autsadee, Y., Jeevan, J., Salleh, N. H. M., Sangsawang, C., & Poma, W. (2023). Non-digital factors as a prerequisite for the implementation of seaport digitalization through bibliometric analysis. Journal of Maritime Logistics, 3(2), 60-74. https://doi.org/10.46754/jml.2023.12.005

Barata, F. A. (2021). Reshaping of shipping and logistics in smart, green and digital. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(2), 3129-3135. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i2.2033

Bielawski, A., & Lazarowska, A. (2022). Discussing cybersecurity in maritime transportation. Maritime Technology and Research, 4(1), 252151. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2022.252151

Bui, D. V., & Nguyen, H. P. (2021). A comprehensive review on big data-based potential applications in marine shipping management. International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology, 11(3), 1067-1077. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.11.3.15350

Caesar, L. D., Cahoon, S., & Fei, J. (2020). Understanding the complexity of retention among seafarers: A perspective of Australian employers. Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs, 12(1), 16-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2020.1736242

Camarero Orive, A., Santiago, J. I. P., Corral, M. M. E. I., & González-Cancelas, N. (2020). Strategic analysis of the automation of container port terminals through BOT (business observation tool). Logistics, 4(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics4010003

Canepa, M., Ballini, F., Dalaklis, D., Vakili, S., & Hernandez, L. M. C. (2021). CR CyberMar as a solution path towards cybersecurity soundness in maritime logistics domain. Transactions on Maritime Science, 10(1), 147-153. https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v10.n01.011

Cassia, F., & Magno, F. (2022). Cross-border e-commerce as a foreign market entry mode among SMEs: The relationship between export capabilities and performance. Review of International Business and Strategy, 32(2), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1108/RIBS-02-2021-0027

Chauhan, S., Singh, R., Gehlot, A., Akram, S. V., Twala, B., & Priyadarshi, N. (2023). Digitalization of supply chain management with Industry 4.0 enabling technologies: A sustainable perspective. Processes, 11(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010096

Chen, J., Chang, S., Zhang, P., Chen, Q., Peng, P., & Claramunt, C. (2022) A critical examination for widespread usage of shipping big data analytics in China. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(12), 2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10122009

Dalaklis, D., Christodoulou, A., Ölcer, A. I., Ballini, F., Dalaklis, A., & Lagdami, K. (2022). The port of Gothenburg under the influence of the fourth stage of the industrial revolution: Implementing a wide portfolio of digital tools to optimize the conduct of operations. Maritime Technology and Research, 4(3), 253844. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2022.253844

Ekinci, Y., Uray, N., Ülengin, F., & Duran, C. (2018). A segmentation based analysis for measuring customer satisfaction in maritime transportation. Transport, 33(1), 104-118. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1079800

Essi, M. S., Chen, Y., Loh, H. S., & Gu, Y. (2022). Enhancing productivity of ship chandlers’ trucks at the port for sustainability. Maritime Business Review, 7, 222-238. https://doi.org/10.1108/MABR-12-2020-0068

Fruth, M., & Teuteberg, F. (2017). Digitization in maritime logistics: What is there and what is missing? Cogent Business and Management, 4(1), 1411066. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2017.1411066

Golzar, J., Noor, S., & Tajik, O. (2022). Convenience sampling. International Journal of Education & Language Studies, 1(2), 72-77.

Gracia, M. D., González-Ramírez, R. G., Ascencio, L. M., & Mar-Ortiz, J. (2022). Assessing the implementation of governance best practices by Latin American ports. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 24(4), 806-834. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-022-00224-y

Gkerekos, C., Theotokatos, G., Bujorianu, L.M., Boulougouris, E., Vassalos, D., Carballedo, B., Mccluskey, S., Coats, T., & Sloan, R. (2019). Digitalisation in the UK maritime sector: A stakeholder’s pulse check. In Proceedings of the International Conference for Marine Industry 4.0, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Gold, R. (2021). Maritime Cybersecurity: A new blue ocean for venture capital? Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/councils/forbesbusinesscouncil/2021/09/15/maritime-cybersecurity-a-new-blue-ocean-for-venture-capital

Greiman, V. (2019). Navigating the cyber sea: Dangerous atolls ahead (pp. 87-93). In Proceeding of the 14th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security 2019.

Hooper, A., & Holtbrügge, D. (2020). Blockchain technology in international business: Changing the agenda for global governance. Review of International Business and Strategy, 30(2), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.1108/RIBS-06-2019-0078

Hsieh, C. H., Liau, N. X. T., Loh, H. S., Huang, Y. K., & Lee, E. H. T. (2024). Assessing the acceptance of implementing autonomous vehicles in last-mile delivery from the perspective of logistics employees. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 15, 1298-1312. https://doi.org/10.11175/easts.15.1298

Huang, Y. K., Hsieh, C. H., Li, W., Chang, C., & Fan, W. S. (2019). Preliminary study of factors affecting the spread and resistance of consumers’ use of AI customer service (pp. 132-138). In Proceeding of the 2nd Artificial Intelligence and Cloud Computing Conference. https://doi.org/10.1145/3375959.3375968

Ichimura, Y., Dalaklis, D., Kitada, M., & Christodoulou, A. (2022). Shipping in the era of digitalization: Mapping the future strategic plans of major maritime commercial actors. Digital Business, 2, 100022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2022.100022

ICS (2020). Annual review 2020. International Chamber of Shipping. Retrieved from https://www.ics-shipping.org/resource/annual-review-2020

Idris, H. (2022). Southeast Asian port development: Policy and initiatives towards achieving 2030 agenda on sustainable development goals. Akademika, 92(2), 129-142.

Iman, N., Amanda, M. T., & Angela, J., (2022). Digital transformation for maritime logistics capabilities improvement: Cases in Indonesia. Marine Economics and Management, 5(2), 188-212. https://doi.org/10.1108/maem-01-2022-0002

IMO (2019). Maritime security and piracy. International Maritime Organisation. Retrieved from https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/security/pages/maritimesecurity.aspx

IMO (2023). IMO’s work to cut GHG emissions from ships. International Maritime Organization. Retrieved from https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Cutting-GHG-emissions.aspx

Inkinen, T., Helminen, R., & Saarikoski, J. (2021). Technological trajectories and scenarios in seaport digitalization. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 41, 100633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100633.

Jakobsen, E. W., Haugland, L. M., Abrahamoglu, S., Osman, M. S., Sewraz, D., & Dineshkar, B. (2022). The Leading Maritime Cities of the World 2022. A Menon Economics and DNV Publication. Retrieved from https://www.dnv.com/maritime/publications/leading-maritime-cities-of-the-world-2022

Jensen, M. H., Persson, J. S., & Nielsen, P. A. (2023) Measuring benefits from big data analytics projects: An action research study. Information Systems and e-Business Management, 21(2), 323-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-022-00620-0

Jimenez, V. J., Bouhmala, N., & Gausdal, A.H. (2020). Developing a predictive maintenance model for vessel machinery. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science, 5(4), 358-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2020.03.003

Jović, M., Tijan, E., Brčić, D., & Pucihar, A. (2022a). Digitalization in maritime transport and seaports: Bibliometric, content and thematic analysis. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(4), 486. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040486

Jović, M., Tijan, E., Vidmar, D., & Pucihar, A. (2022b). Factors of digital transformation in the maritime transport sector. Sustainability, 14(15), 9776. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159776

Kapalidis, C., Karamperidis, S., Watson, T., & Koligiannis, G. (2022). A vulnerability centric system of systems analysis on the maritime transportation sector most valuable assets: Recommendations for port facilities and ships. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(10), 1486. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101486

King, A. (2022). Emissions-free sailing is full steam ahead for ocean-going shipping. Horizon. the EU Research & Innovation Magazine. Retrieved from https://projects.research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/en/horizon-magazine/emissions-free-sailing-full-steam-ahead-ocean-going-shipping

Kitada, M., & Baum-Talmor, P. (2019). Maritime digitisation and its impact on seafarers’ employment from a career perspective (pp. 259-267). In Proceedings of the International Association of Maritime Universities Conference.

Kon, W. K., Abdul Rahman, N. S. F., Md Hanafiah, R., & Abdul Hamid, S. (2020). The global trends of automated container terminal: A systematic literature review. Maritime Business Review, 6(3), 206-233. https://doi.org/10.1108/MABR-03-2020-0016

Kuhn, K., Bicakci, S., & Shaikh, S. A. (2021). COVID-19 digitization in maritime: Understanding cyber risks. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 20(2), 193-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-021-00235-1

Lee, P. T. W., Kwon, O. K., & Ruan, X. (2019). Sustainability challenges in maritime transport and logistics industry and its way ahead. Sustainability, 11(5), 1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051331

Liu, J., Zhang, H., & Zhen, L. (2021). Blockchain technology in maritime supply chains: applications, architecture and challenges. International Journal of Production Research, 61(11), 3547-3563. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2021.1930239

Loh, H. S., Lee, J. L., Gu, Y., Chen, H. S., & Tay, H. L. (2024). The effects of digital platforms on customers’ satisfaction in international shipping business. Review of International Business and Strategy, 34(2), 231-244. https://doi.org/10.1108/RIBS-07-2023-0072

Maersk (2022). Maersk uses new-age tech to track sustainable goals. Maersk News - Expert Opinion. Retrieved from https://www.maersk.com/fr-fr/news/articles/2022/12/12/maersk-uses-new-age-tech-to-track-sustainable-goals

Mahmud, K. K., Chowdhury, M. M. H., & Shaheen, M. M. A. (2023). Green port management practices for sustainable port operations: A multi-method study of Asian ports. Maritime Policy & Management, 51(8), 1902-1937. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2023.2258125

Mohiuddin Babu, M., Dey, B. L., Rahman, M, Roy, S. K., Alwi, S. F. S. & Kamal, M. M. (2020). Value co-creation through social innovation: A study of sustainable strategic alliance in telecommunication and financial services sectors in Bangladesh. Industrial Marketing Management, 89, 13-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.06.003

Mohsendokht, M., Li, H., Kontovas, C., Chang, C. H., Qu, Z., & Yang, Z. (2024). Decoding dependencies among the risk factors influencing maritime cybersecurity: Lessons learned from historical incidents in the past two decades. Ocean Engineering, 312(1), 119078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.119078

MPA (2022). Maritime innovation and technology (MINT) fund. Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore. Retrieved from https://www.mpa.gov.sg/maritime-singapore/what-maritime-singapore-offers/programmes-to-support-your-maritime-business/mint-fund

MPA (2023). Global connectivity. Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore. Retrieved from https://www.mpa.gov.sg/maritime-singapore/what-maritime-singapore-offers/global-hub-port

MSC (2019). How MSC ensures its fleet is environmentally friendly. Mediterranean Shipping Company. Retrieved from https://www.msc.com/en/newsroom/stories/how-msc-ensures-its-fleet-is-environmentally-friendly

Munim, Z. H., Dushenko, M., Jimenez, V. J., Shakil, M. H., & Imset, M. (2020). Big data and artificial intelligence in the maritime industry: A bibliometric review and future research directions. Maritime Policy and Management, 47(5), 577-597. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2020.1788731

Olapoju, O. M. (2023). Autonomous ships, port operations, and the challenges of African ports. Maritime Technology and Research, 5(1), 260194. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2023.260194

Razmjooei, D., Alimohammadlou, M., Ranaei Kordshouli, H. A., & Askarifar, K. (2023). Industry 4.0 research in the maritime industry: A bibliometric analysis. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 22(3), 385-416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-022-00298-8

Sanchez-Gonzalez, P. L., Díaz-Gutiérrez, D., Leo, T. J., & Núñez-Rivas, L. R. (2019). Toward digitalization of maritime transport? Sensors, 19(4), 926. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040926

Sharma, A., & Kim, T. E. (2022). Exploring technical and non-technical competencies of navigators for autonomous shipping. Maritime Policy and Management, 49(6), 831-849. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2021.1914874

Sorooshian, S., Khademi Sharifabad, S., Parsaee, M., & Afshari, A. R. (2022). Toward a modern last-mile delivery: Consequences and obstacles of intelligent technology. Applied System Innovation, 5(4), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5040082

Sullivan, B. P., Arias Nava, E., Desai, S., Sole, J., Rossi, M., Ramundo, L., &Terzi, S. (2021). Defining Maritime 4.0: Reconciling principles, elements and characteristics to support maritime vessel digitalisation. IET Collaborative Intelligent Manufacturing, 3(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1049/cim2.12012

Thai, V., & Jie, F. (2018). The impact of total quality management and supply chain integration on firm performance of container shipping companies in Singapore. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 30(3), 605-626. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-09-2017-0202

Tran, L. T. T., & Nguyen, P. T. (2020). Co-creating blockchain adoption: Theory, practice and impact on usage behavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 33(7), 1667-1684. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-08-2020-0609

UNCTAD. (2019). Digitalization in maritime transport: Ensuring opportunities for development. Policy Brief Vol 75, UN Trade and Development. Retrieved from https://unctad.org/publication/digitalization-maritime-transport-ensuring-opportunities-development

Wang, J., Zhong, M., Wang, T., & Ge, Y. E. (2023). Identifying industry-related opinions on shore power from a survey in China. Transport Policy, 134, 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.02.010

Wired UK. (2019). Rotterdam is building the most automated port in the world. Wired UK. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/story/rotterdam-port-ships-automation

Yap, W. Y., Hsieh, C. H., & Lee, P. T. W. (2023). Shipping connectivity data analytics: Implications for maritime policy. Transport Policy, 132, 112-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.12.018.

Zhang, P., De Silva, L. A., & Rajagopal, S. (2020). Challenges in the integration of Data Management Systems (DMS) in ship operations. Maritime Technology and Research, 2(4), 187-207.

Zeng, F., Chan, H. K., & Pawar, K. (2021). The effects of inter- and intraorganizational factors on the adoption of electronic booking systems in the maritime supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, 236, 108119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108119

Zhou, Y, Soh, Y. S., Loh, H. S., & Yuen, K. F. (2020). The key challenges and critical success factors of blockchain implementation: Policy implications for Singapore’s maritime industry. Marine Policy, 122, 104265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104265

Zhu, S., & Hsieh, C. H. (2024). Predictive modelling in the shipping industry: Analysis from supply and demand sides. Maritime Business Review, https://doi.org/10.1108/MABR-04-2024-0038

Downloads

Published

2025-02-15