Artificial reefs for coastal wetland and estuary protection and coral restoration: A review

Authors

  • Suwardi Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, East Java, Indonesia
  • Haryo Dwito Armono Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, East Java, Indonesia
  • Dendy Satrio Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, East Java, Indonesia
  • Vierda Khairene Tiffany Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, East Java, Indonesia
  • Andrean Prakoso Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, East Java, Indonesia
  • Frans Lukito Putro Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, East Java, Indonesia
  • Muhammad Rifqi Hanif Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, East Java, Indonesia
  • Ridwan Erlangga Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, East Java, Indonesia
  • Dihan Muhammad Khaydar Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, East Java, Indonesia
  • Ananda Kusdyansyah Karim Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, East Java, Indonesia
  • Jauza Ainun Aswin Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, East Java, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.281096

Keywords:

Artificial reef; Hydrodynamic; Structural stability; Interlocking strength; Coastal protection

Abstract

Artificial reefs (ARs) have emerged as a potential solution to restore aquatic ecosystems and enhance coastal protection. ARs serve as an effective tool for promoting natural species recruitment and survival. Moreover, ARs provide essential microfiches for various marine organisms, facilitating breeding and nursery, vital for sustaining fish populations and enhancing fisheries. However, comprehensive analyses suggesting adequate management policies and strategies that promote sustainable use of ARs as coastal protection and coral rehabilitation are limited. This paper aims to systematically review the literature on artificial reefs to evaluate their effectiveness in these dual roles. A systematic literature review of 121 studies reveals that hydrodynamic optimization and material selection are the most studied factors influencing AR performance. The result shows that the integration of hydrodynamic principles, structural stability, and interlocking strength is essential for maximizing the effectiveness of ARs in coastal protection and marine ecosystem rehabilitation. However, developers must also navigate various risks, including environmental damage, structural failure, and the uncertainty of long-term effectiveness. By adopting proactive measures, such as thorough environmental assessments, adaptive management strategies, and the use of durable materials and more stable structures that reduce physical damage, AR developers can mitigate these risks and enhance the sustainability of projects.

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Cite this article:

Suwardi, Armono, H. D., Satrio, D., Tiffany, V. K., Prakoso, A., Putro, F. L., Hanif, M. R., Erlangga, R., Khaydar, D. M., Karim, A. K., & Aswin, J. A. (2026). Artificial reefs for coastal wetland and estuary protection and coral restoration: A review. Maritime Technology and Research, 8(1), 281096. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.281096

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Highlights

  • Applies the Benefit-Opportunity-Cost-Risk (BOCR) framework to artificial reef evaluation.
  • Assesses multiple reef alternatives for coastal protection and ecosystem restoration.
  • Identifies ecological benefit and socioeconomic opportunity as key decision priorities.
  • Reveals that high-cost, low-risk reef designs deliver optimal sustainability outcomes.
  • Provides a decision-support model for policymakers in coastal infrastructure planning.

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