Trend for ballast water treatment system retrofits
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.281429Keywords:
Ballast System, Ballast Water Treatment System, Retrofit, IMO, Ballast system; Ballast water treatment system; Retrofit; International Maritime Organization; Ultraviolet treatment methodsAbstract
Ballast water plays a crucial role in maintaining ship stability, yet it remains a major pathway for the spread of invasive marine species. Regulations introduced by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) now require vessels to treat ballast water before discharge, prompting widespread retrofitting of treatment systems. A broad review of research highlights the diverse adoption of prominent technologies, such as electrolysis and ozonation, alongside significant attention on ultraviolet (UV) treatment methods. The overall trend in ballast water management emphasizes greater system stability, lower operational costs, and improved ease of operation and maintenance over a single dominant technology. Publication trends show growing international collaboration and increasing focus on regulatory compliance, cost analysis, and environmental impact. Evaluations across various studies point to seven key aspects in retrofit planning, including system selection, spatial layout, compliance with international standards, and integration of advanced modeling tools. While many retrofit projects prioritize efficiency and cost, fewer have addressed long-term monitoring or biological risk mitigation. Differences in regulatory frameworks across countries create compliance gaps, while newer risks, such as persistent microorganisms and radioactive discharge, remain difficult to control with current systems. Emerging tools, including real-time monitoring devices and genetic testing methods, offer promise for improving system performance and post-installation validation. Retrofit planning increasingly incorporates digital engineering, helping to reduce installation time and minimize costs. Global cooperation remains essential, especially when managing compliance in international waters. Addressing both known and emerging challenges requires a combination of strong technical planning, legal harmonization, and environmental awareness. A more integrated approach will support sustainable marine operations and help safeguard ocean ecosystems from the long-term effects of untreated ballast water.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cite this article:
Sari, W. R., Gunawan, & Muzhoffar, D. A. F. (2026). Trend for ballast water treatment system retrofits. Maritime Technology and Research, 8(1), 281429. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.281429
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Highlights
- The study uses an integrated, three-stage framework comprising descriptive, bibliometric, and systematic analysis to comprehensively assess the landscape of BWTS retrofit research. This multi-faceted approach goes beyond a simple summary to generate new insights into the interplay of technological, regulatory, and operational factors.
- Ultraviolet (UV) treatment is the most dominant and cost-effective BWTS technology, with 72 publications in the abstract, reflecting its prominence in research. However, UV efficiency is highly dependent on water quality, and studies found system failures in waters with high Total Suspended Solids (TSS). In addition to UV, electrolysis and ozonation are also widely adopted, with electrolysis showing growing research interest, as evidenced by 74 publications by abstract.
- Seven key stages for retrofitting BWTS are defined, including assessment and planning, space selection, regulatory compliance, BWTS method selection, engineering drawing and 3D modeling, installation planning, and commissioning and integration.
- Global research trends show that the United States and China are the leaders in BWTS research. China has the highest number of documents with 61 and citations with 800. The United States, while having fewer documents, shows a stronger collaboration link strength about 117 compared to China's about 67, indicating a more prominent role in shaping research directions through its collaborative network.
- The use of advanced tools like 3D scanning and CAD modeling is increasing to improve retrofit efficiency and reduce costs. These methodologies have been shown to cut project time by approximately 25 % and total costs by about 15 %. Furthermore, frameworks like fuzzy logic and life-cycle costing are used to help ship operators make optimal decisions based on various criteria, including cost and operational constraints.
References
Ai, Z., Cao, H., Wang, M., & Yang, K. (2024). Ship ballast water system fault diagnosis method based on multi-feature fusion graph convolution. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2755(1), 012028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2755/1/012028
Bailey, S. A., Brydges, T., Casas-Monroy, O., Kydd, J., Linley, R. D., Rozon, R. M., & Darling, J. A. (2022). First evaluation of ballast water management systems on operational ships for minimizing introductions of nonindigenous zooplankton. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 182, 113947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113947
Balaji, R., Yaakob, O., & Koh, K. K. (2014). A review of developments in ballast water management. Environmental Reviews, 22(3), 298-310. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0073
Berestovoi, I. (2024a). Analysis of mass-dimensional and energy performance indicators of ship ballast water treatment systems. Danish Scientific Journal, 89, 81-84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14009158
Berestovoi, I. (2024b). Analysis of mass and dimensional characteristics of ultraviolet ballast water treatment system elements. German International Journal of Modern Science, 93, 90-93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14289359
Blanco-Davis, E., & Zhou, P. (2014). LCA as a tool to aid in the selection of retrofitting alternatives. Ocean Engineering, 77, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2013.12.010
Bui, V. D., Nguyen, P. Q. P., & Nguyen, D. T. (2021). A study of ship ballast water treatment technologies and techniques. Water Conservation and Management, 5(2), 121-130. https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2021.121.130
Campara, L., Francic, V., Maglic, L., & Hasanspahic, N. (2019). Overview and comparison of the IMO and the US Maritime Administration ballast water management regulations. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(9), 7090283. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7090283
Casas-Monroy, O., Deb, J. C., Kydd, J., Rozon, R., Yardley, S., Crevecoeur, S., Brown, S. A., Darling, J. A., & Bailey, S. A. (2025). Effectiveness of ballast water management systems in the Great Lakes based on a paired uptake-discharge sample design. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(6), 618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14032-3
Casas-Monroy, O., Kydd, J., Rozon, R. M., & Bailey, S. A. (2022). Assessing the performance of four indicative analysis devices for ballast water compliance monitoring, considering organisms in the size range ≥ 10 to < 50 μm. Journal of Environmental Management, 317(5), 115300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115300
Chang, Y. C., Lee, S., & Sun, J. (2024). Better ballast water discharge initiative: A need for cooperation. Chinese Journal of International Law, 23(1), 203-206. https://doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmae001
Chatterjee, H. (2015). Ballast water treatment systems and retrofitting them on container ships. World Maritime University. Retrieved from https://commons.wmu.se/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1086&context=msem_dissertations
Chen, J., Chen, X., Li, T., Xu, J., Shi, J., Chen, H., & Liu, Y. (2025). International ship ballast water management in response to nuclear wastewater discharge. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 86(9), 104190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2025.104190
Chen, Y. C., Château, P. A., & Chang, Y. C. (2023). Hybrid multiple-criteria decision-making for bulk carriers ballast water management system selection. Ocean and Coastal Management, 234(6), 106456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106456
Cho, J., Kim, T., Kim, M. K., & Lee, C. (2025). Optimization and feasibility assessment of the DPD colorimetric method with phosphate, iodide, and sulfuric acid for total residual oxidant monitoring in ballast water treatment systems. Environmental Engineering Research, 30(3), 240563. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2024.563
Čurovas, A. (2025). The project of installing a ballast water treatment system on the Klaipėda University research vessel Mintis. Computational Science and Techniques, 9(9), 647-655. https://doi.org/10.15181/csat.v9.2501
da Silva Jorge, S., & Satir, T. (2020). Framework and implementation of a fuzzy logic filter: An optimization strategy for the BWMS based on stakeholders’ perspectives. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(30), 37790-37801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09807-9
Davidson, I. C., Minton, M. S., Carney, K. J., Miller, A. W., & Ruiz, G. M. (2017). Pioneering patterns of ballast treatment in the emerging era of marine vector management. Marine Policy, 78(9), 158-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.01.021
DNV. (2025a). PSC CIC 2025 on ballast water management - Questionnaire now published (Issue 28). Retrieved from https://www.dnv.com/news/2025/psc-cic-2025-on-ballast-water-management-questionnaire-now-published
DNV. (2025b). PSC CIC 2025 on ballast water management and DNV’s PSC Top 18 (Issue 23). Retrieved from https://www.dnv.com/news/2025/psc-cic-2025-on-ballast-water-management-and-dnvs-psc-top-18
Dong, K., Wu, W., Chen, J., Xiang, J., Jin, X., & HuixianWu. (2023). A study on treatment efficacy of ballast water treatment system applying filtration + membrane separation + deoxygenation technology during shipboard testing. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 188(5), 114620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114620
Drillet, G., Gianoli, C., Gang, L., Zacharopoulou, A., Schneider, G., Stehouwer, P., Bonamin, V., Goldring, R., & Drake, L. A. (2023). Improvement in compliance of ships’ ballast water discharges during commissioning tests. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 191(4), 114911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114911
Ejder, E., Ceylan, B. O., Celik, M. S., & Arslanoğlu, Y. (2024). Sustainability in maritime transport: Selecting ballast water treatment for a bulk carrier. Marine Environmental Research, 198(4), 106511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106511
Fearnley, R. (2017). Lessons learned in ballast water treatment equipment retrofit and commissioning (pp. 12-13). In Proceedings of the 6th IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. https://doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.006
Feng, W., Chen, Y., Zhang, T., Xue, J., & Wu, H. (2023). Evaluate the compliance of ballast water management system on various types of operational vessels based on the D-2 standard. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 194, 115381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115381
Gerhard, W. A., Lundgreen, K., Drillet, G., Baumler, R., Holbech, H., & Gunsch, C. K. (2019). Installation and use of ballast water treatment systems: Implications for compliance and enforcement. Ocean and Coastal Management, 181(4), 104907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104907
Gonsior, M., Mitchelmore, C., Heyes, A., Harir, M., Richardson, S. D., Petty, W. T., Wright, D. A., & Schmitt-Kopplin, P. (2015). Bromination of marine dissolved organic matter following full scale electrochemical ballast water disinfection. Environmental Science and Technology, 49(15), 9048-9055. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01474
Gregg, M., Rigby, G., & Hallegraeff, G. M. (2009). Review of two decades of progress in the development of management options for reducing or eradicating phytoplankton, zooplankton and bacteria in ship’s ballast water. Aquatic Invasions, 4(3), 521-565. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2009.4.3.14
Güney, C. B. (2022). Ballast water problem: Current status and expected challenges. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 11(4), 397-415. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1162688
Hardiyanto, P. T., & Handani, D. W. (2020). The impact of implementation new regulation on maritime industry: A review of implementation BWTS. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 557(1), 012058. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/557/1/012058
Hardiyanto, P. T., & Handani, D. W. (2023). Development dynamic compliance cost model for implementation of ballast water management convention: Shipowner perspective. Journal of Applied Engineering Science, 21(2), 698-711. https://doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-42108
Hasanspahić, N., & Zec, D. (2017). Preview of ballast water treatment system market status. Nase More, 64(3), 127-132. https://doi.org/10.17818/NM/2017/3.8
Hull, N. M., Isola, M. R., Petri, B., Chan, P. S., & Linden, K. G. (2017). Algal DNA repair kinetics support culture-based enumeration for validation of ultraviolet disinfection ballast water treatment systems. Environmental Science and Technology Letters, 4(5), 192-196. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00076
Iftikhar, N., Lin, Y. C., Liu, X., & Nordbjerg, F. E. (2024). Online machine learning for adaptive ballast water management (pp. 27-38). In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Data Science, Technology and Applications. https://doi.org/10.5220/0012728700003756
IMO. (2008). Annex 1 resolution MEPC.169(57) adopted on 4 April 2008 procedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of active substances (G9). Retrieved from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/KnowledgeCentre/IndexofIMOResolutions/MEPCDocuments/MEPC.169(57).pdf
IMO. (2018a). Annex 5 code for approval of ballast water management systems (BWMS CODE) resolution MEPC.300(72). Code for Approval of the Ballast Water Management Systems, 300(4), 1-41. https://www.transport.gov.mt/MEPC-300-72.pdf-f5406
IMO. (2018b). Guidance for administrations on the type approval process for ballast water management systems. In Proceedings of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments.
Jang, P. G., Hyun, B., & Shin, K. (2020). Ballast water treatment performance evaluation under real changing conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(10), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100817
Jee, J., & Lee, S. (2017). Comparative feasibility study on retrofitting ballast water treatment system for a bulk carrier. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 119(2), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.041
Jee, J., & Oh, C. (2018). Research of risk assessment for retrofitting an ozone treatment type ballast water treatment system on an existing vessel. Journal of Fishries and Marine Sciences Education, 30(3), 923-934. https://doi.org/10.13000/jfmse.2018.06.30.3.923
Jiang, J., Ma, Z., Lin, L., Yuan, Y., & Fu, X. (2023). Analysis of the evolutionary game between maritime regulators and carriers under the discharge of ballast nuclear wastewater from ships. Ocean and Coastal Management, 238(3), 106558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106558
Jiang, Q., Jie, Y., Han, Y., Gao, C., Zhu, H., Willander, M., Zhang, X., & Cao, X. (2015). Self-powered electrochemical water treatment system for sterilization and algae removal using water wave energy. Nano Energy, 18, 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.09.017
Jin, L., Sun, X., Ren, H., & Huang, H. (2023). Hotspots and trends of biological water treatment based on bibliometric review and patents analysis. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 125, 774-785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.037
King, D. M., & Hagan, P. T. (2013). Economic and logistical feasibility of port-based ballast water treatment: A case study at the Port of Baltimore (USA) (Issue 6). Retrieved from https://www.maritime-enviro.org/Downloads/Reports/Other_Publications/Economics_of_Barge_based_BWT_Draft_ 7_May_2013.pdf
Kolios, A. (2024). Retrofitting technologies for eco-friendly ship structures: A risk analysis perspective. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(4), 0679. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040679
Kundori, & Suganjar. (2025). Bibliometrik analisis tentang ballast water management plan Di Atas Kapal. Majalah Ilmiah Bahari Jogja, 23(1), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.33489/mibj.v23i1.384
Laas, P., Künnis-Beres, K., Talas, L., Tammert, H., Kuprijanov, I., Herlemann, D. P. R., & Kisand, V. (2022). Bacterial communities in ballast tanks of cargo vessels: Shaped by salinity, treatment and the point of origin of the water but “hatch” its typical microbiome. Journal of Environmental Management, 324(9), 116403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116403
Liu, X., Cao, S., & Liu, Y. (2024). Legal challenges of regulating cross-border nuclear pollution from ship ballast water under the background of fukushima wastewater release and China’s response. Marine Policy, 167(2), 106288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106288
Mahmud, S. M., Chuah, L. F., Nik, W. M. N. W., Bakar, A. A., & Musa, M. A. (2024). Retrofitting ballast water treatment system: A container ship case study. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 110(3), 367-372. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET24110062
Mahmud, S. M., Nik, W. M. N. W., Chuah, L. F., & Bakar, A. A. (2023). Enhancing retrofitting efficiency through 3D scanning for selection of compact clean ballast water treatment systems. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 107(9), 685-690. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET23107115
Mentes, A., Koç, E., Güngör, M. A., & Ağri, Ü. (2025). Assessing production efficiency: A case study of the ballast water treatment system in a Turkish maintenance shipyard. Transactions on Maritime Science, 14(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v14.n01.011
Narong, D. K., & Hallinger, P. (2023). A keyword co-occurrence analysis of research on service learning: Conceptual foci and emerging research trends. Education Sciences, 13(4), 0339. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040339
Ndlovu, F. P. (2025). Trends in compliance monitoring devices (CMDs) in ships’ ballast water treatment systems. Water (Switzerland), 17(4), 0584. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17040584
Nie, A., Wan, Z., Shi, Z. F., & Wang, Z. (2023). Cost-benefit analysis of ballast water treatment for three major port clusters in China: Evaluation of different scenario strategies. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10(8), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1174550
Nwigwe, T. G., & Kiyokazu, M. (2023). Review study of ballast water treatment system: Review of ballast water treatment system technologies. Journal of Maritime Research, 20(1), 90-97. https://www.jmr.unican.es/index.php/jmr/article/view/689
Olsen, R. O., Thuestad, G., & Hoell, I. A. (2021). Effects on inactivation of Tetraselmis suecica following treatment by KBAL: A UV-based ballast water treatment system with an in-line vacuum drop. Journal of Marine Science and Technology (Japan), 26(1), 290-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-020-00737-2
Outinen, O., Bailey, S. A., Casas-Monroy, O., Delacroix, S., Gorgula, S., Griniene, E., Kakkonen, J. E., & Srebaliene, G. (2024). Biological testing of ships’ ballast water indicates challenges for the implementation of the Ballast Water Management Convention. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1334286
Özdemir, Ü. (2023). A quantitative approach to the development of ballast water treatment systems in ships. Ships and Offshore Structures, 18(6), 867-874. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2022.2077544
Özkan, E. D., Fışkın, R., Çakır, E., & Arslan, Ö. (2023). Ballast water management : A bibliometric and network analysis (pp. 68-71). In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ballast Water and Biofouling Management in IAS Prevention and Control. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377222951_Ballast_Water_Management_A_Bibliometric_and_Network_Analysis
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2020). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews (p. 1). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n160. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160
Pelorus, & Karahalios, H. (2017). The application of the AHP-TOPSIS for evaluating ballast water treatment systems by ship operators. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 52, 172-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.03.001
Rak, A., Mrakovčić, T., Mauša, G., & Kranjčević, L. (2025). Computational fluid dynamics analysis of ballast water treatment system design. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(4), 0743. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13040743
Ren, J. (2018). Technology selection for ballast water treatment by multi-stakeholders: A multi-attribute decision analysis approach based on the combined weights and extension theory. Chemosphere, 191(9), 747-760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.053
Rivas-Hermann, R., Köhler, J., & Scheepens, A. E. (2015). Innovation in product and services in the shipping retrofit industry: A case study of ballast water treatment systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 106(9), 443-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.062
Romero-Martínez, L., van Slooten, C., van Harten, M., Nebot, E., & Peperzak, L. (2024). Comparative assessment of four ballast water compliance monitoring devices with natural UV-treated water using IMO’s monitoring approaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 209(9), 117193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117193
Sari, W. R., & Gunawan, G. (2024). Systematic considerations for a ballast water treatment system (BWTS) retrofits: A review. Kapal: Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 21(1), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.14710/kapal.v21i1.61944
Sayinli, B., Dong, Y., Park, Y., Bhatnagar, A., & Sillanpää, M. (2022). Recent progress and challenges facing ballast water treatment: A review. Chemosphere, 291(7), 132776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132776
Shah, A. D., Liu, Z. Q., Salhi, E., Höfer, T., & Von Gunten, U. (2015). Peracetic acid oxidation of saline waters in the absence and presence of H2O2: Secondary oxidant and disinfection byproduct formation. Environmental Science and Technology, 49(3), 1698-1705. https://doi.org/10.1021/es503920n
Shomar, B., & Solano, J. R. (2023). Probabilistic human health risk assessment of trace elements in ballast water treated by reverse osmosis desalination plants. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 188(1), 114667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114667
Srivastava, A. (2024). Ballast-water management alternatives offered by ballast-free shipping (Part 1) (pp. 34-42). National Maritime Foundation. Retrieved from https://maritimeindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/MP2024-Gulsha.pdf#page=43
Stehouwer, P., Drillet, G., Gianoli, C., Gang, L., & Zacharopoulou, A. (2025). A decade of ballast water data submitted to the U.S. Epa: A trend toward improved compliance. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5369810
Stehouwer, P. P., Buma, A., & Peperzak, L. (2015). A comparison of six different ballast water treatment systems based on UV radiation, electrochlorination and chlorine dioxide. Environmental Technology (United Kingdom), 36(16), 2094-2104. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1021858
Thach, N. D., & Hung, P. Van. (2023). Optimal UV Quantity for a ballast water treatment system for compliance with Imo standards. Polish Maritime Research, 30(4), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2023-0056
Thach, N. D., & Van Hung, P. (2024). Development of UV reactor controller in ballast water treatment system to minimize the biological threat on marine environment. Journal of Sea Research, 198(10), 102465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2023.102465
Townsend, P., Sallo, M., & Suárez, J. C. (2024). Design proposal for a ballast treatment system to reduce the invasion of species in the Galapagos. E3S Web of Conferences, 530, 02004. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202453002004
Wang, Z., & Corbett, J. J. (2021). Scenario-based cost-effectiveness analysis of ballast water treatment strategies. Management of Biological Invasions, 12(1), 108-124. https://doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2021.12.1.08
Xiao, J., Xu, Y., Hu, L., & Wu, H. (2023). Evaluating the treatment performance of filtration & real-time UV irradiation processes for bacteria and pathogens in fresh ballast water. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 63, 102971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2023.102971
Yilmaz, M., & Güney, C. B. (2023). Evaluation of ballast water treatment systems from the perspective of expert seafarers’ ship experiences. Brodogradnja, 74(4), 129-154. https://doi.org/10.21278/brod74407
Yuan, L., Xiang, J., Xue, J., Lin, Y., & Wu, H. (2023). Recommendations for representative sampling methodologies in ballast water: A case study from the land-based test. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 197(10), 115814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115814
Zhang, R. (2025). The impact of the revised ballast water management convention on ship compliance management 3. Specific impacts of the convention revision on ship compliance. Frontiers in Economics and Management, 6(8), 265-270. https://doi.org/10.6981/FEM.202508
Downloads
Published
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Maritime Technology and Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
