A Survey on Global Climate Governance Arrangements
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Abstract
Global climate governance consists of various governance arrangements, which could be categorised according to the nature of participants: states, other public actors, and private actors. The first type is an international regime in which states participate. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the regime founded specifically to address climate change. Other regimes include other environmental agreements, intergovernmental organisations, and high-level forums for government leaders. Transnational networks, which form the second type of arrangements, are groupings of public actors, or private actors, or both. Lastly, sub-state networks comprise public or private actors operating mainly in one state. However, efforts of global climate governance are insufficient to achieve the goal of limiting a global temperature increase to well below 2 degrees Celsius (°C) above pre-industrial levels. The current combined pledges of UNFCCC parties could not reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the level corresponding with the 2 °C pathway. Governance arrangements outside the UNFCCC have the potential to partly fill the emissions gap, but it remains unclear whether they could compensate for the sluggish efforts under the UNFCCC.
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