Businesses, Global Environmental Governance, and Desertification: A Case Study of the Elion Group in Combating Desertification in China
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This article examines the role of businesses under the concept of global environmental governance in an attempt to argue that apart from states and intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations, the role of and the cooperation from multiple actors, including non-state actors such as businesses, are crucial in tackling global environmental problems, including desertification. It also asserts that profit- and wealth-driven businesses and sustainability-driven businesses can co-exist through the analysis of the role of the Elion Group, a case study of this article, in combating desertification in China’s Inner Mongolia.According to the findings, the Elion Group, as an eco-restoration company, plays a leading role in China's fight against desertification through the "Kubuqi Model," which involves close collaboration and partnership with the Chinese government, international communities, and local communities. Furthermore, the Elion Group demonstrates that profit-and wealth-driven businesses can coexist harmoniously with sustainability-driven businesses.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Africa Renewal. (n.d.). Desertification a threat to Africa’s development. Retrieved January 15, 2021, from United Nations Africa Renewal: https://www.un.org/africarenewal/web-features/desertification-threat-africa%E2%80%99s-development
Akhtar-Schuster, M., Amiraslani, F., Morejon, C. D., Escadafal, R., Fulajtar, E., Grainger, A., …Thomas, R. J. (2016). Designing a new science-policy communication mechanism for the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. Environmental Science & Policy, 63, 122-131. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2016.03.009
Amiraslani, F., Dragovich, D., & Caiserman, A. (2018). A long-term cost-benefit analysis of national anti-desertification plans in Iran. Desert, 23(1), 141-151. doi:10.22059/jdesert.2018.66369
Bauer, S. (2021). Desertification convention. In J.-F. Morin & A. Orsini (Eds.), Essential concepts of global environmental governance (2nd ed.) (pp. 63-66). Abingdon: Routledge.
Bellemare, S. (2014, September 23). Elion Group makes the desert bloom. Retrieved March 11, 2021, from http://www.china.org.cn/environment/2014-09/23/content_33586105.htm
Bowers, K. (n.d.). Business could have a role in reversing desertification and restoring the landscape. Retrieved January 16, 2021, from https://knowledge.unccd.int/knowledge-products-and-pillars/unccd-science-policy-weblog/business-could-have-role-reversing
BP. (2018, June 25). BP deepens partnership with Elion on carbon offset programme in forestry sector. Retrieved March 5, 2021, from https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/news-and-insights/press-releases/bp-deepens-partnership-with-elion-on-carbon-offset-programme-in-forestry-sector.html
Briassoulis, H. (2011). Governing desertification in Mediterranean Europe: The challenge of environmental policy integration in multi-level governance contexts. Land Degradation & Development, 22(3), 313-325. doi:10.1002/ldr.1018
Campbell, C. (2017, July 27). China's greening of the vast Kubuqi Desert is a model for land restoration projects everywhere. Retrieved March 18, 2021, from Time: https://time.com/4851013/china-greening-kubuqi-desert-land-restoration/
Capozzi, F., Di Palma, A., De Paola, F., Giugni, M., Iavazzo, P., Topa, M., ...Giordano, S. (2018). Assessing desertification in Sub-Saharan peri-urban areas: Case study applications in Burkina Faso and Senegal. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 190, 281-291. doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.03.012
Cardesa-Salzmann, A. (2014). Combating desertification in Central Asia: Finding new ways to regional stability through environmental sustainability?. Chinese Journal of International Law, 13(1), 203-231. doi:10.1093/chinesejil/jmu002
Ceres. (2020, October 7). Ceres roadmap 2030. Retrieved January 11, 2021, from https://www.ceres.org/sites/default/files/reports/2020-10/Ceres%20Roadmap%20Summary%202030%20-%20FINAL.pdf
Chasek, P. S. (1997). The Convention to Combat Desertification: Lessons learned for sustainable development. Journal of Environment & Development, 6(2), 147-169. doi:10.1177/107049659700600204
China Daily. (2013, September 24). Chinese entrepreneur wins UN drylands award. Retrieved March 12, 2021, from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/greenchina/2013-09/24/content_16991117.htm
China National Committee to Implement the UNCCD. (2017). China final national report of the voluntary land degradation neutrality (LDN) target setting programme. Retrieved February 9, 2021, from https://knowledge.unccd.int/sites/default/files/ldn_targets/China_LDN%20TSP%20Country%20Report.pdf
Chirawut, Y. (2020). A survey on global climate governance arrangements. Journal of Social Sciences, Naresuan University, 16(2), 1-36. [in Thai].
Chuwattananurak, W. (2019). Global environmental governance: Issues, actors, and challenges. Political Science and Public Administration Journal, 10(1), 195-230. [in Thai].
Ci, L., & Yang, X. (2010). Desertification and its control in China. Beijing: Higher Education Press and Springer.
Climate Action 100+. (2020). 2020 progress report. Retrieved January 11, 2021, from https://www.climateaction100.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/CA100-Progress-Report.pdf
Climate Home News. (2012, June 17). Rio+20 business focus–Luc Gnacadja: “Business is one of the most important stakeholders” for desertification. Retrieved January 15, 2021, from https://www.climatechangenews.com/2012/06/17/rio20-business-focus-luc-gnacadja-business-is-one-of-the-most-important-stakeholders-for-desertification/
Dicken, P. (2011). Global shift: Mapping the changing contours of the world economy (6th ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Ding, C. (2003). Land policy reform in China: Assessment and prospects. Land Use Policy, 20(2), 109-120. doi:10.1016/S0264-8377(02)00073-X
Doyle, T., & McEachern, D. (2008). Environment and politics (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
Durant, R. F., Fiorino, D. J., & O'Leary, R. (Eds.). (2017). Environmental governance reconsidered: Challenges, choices, and opportunities (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Ediger, L. (2010, June 15). Climate change and desertification: The link to corporate responsibility. Retrieved January 15, 2021, from https://www.bsr.org/en/our-insights/blog-view/climate-change-and-desertification-the-link-to-corporate-responsibility
Elion Electrical. (n.d.). Elion Electrical. Retrieved March 11, 2021, from http://www.elion.cn/
Elion Goldway. (n.d.a). Elion Goldway Holding Co., Ltd. Retrieved March 11, 2021, from http://www.eliongoldway.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=lists&catid=183
Elion Goldway. (n.d.b). Social responsibility. Retrieved March 11, 2021, from http://www.eliongoldway.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=lists&catid=199
Ethisphere Institute. (2020). Performance of the 2020 honorees as compared to the large cap index. Retrieved December 31, 2020, from https://www.worldsmostethicalcompanies.com/wp-content/uploads/2020-5-Year-Ethics-Premium-Chart-2.png
Falkner, R. (2008). Business power and conflict in international environmental politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Faruqi, S., Wu, A., Ortega, A. A., Batista, A., & Brolis, E. (2018). The business of planting trees: A growing investment opportunity. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
Ferrell, O. C., Hirt, G. A., & Ferrell, L. (2016). Business: A changing world (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Flohr, A., Rieth, L., Schwindenhammer, S., & Wolf, K. D. (2010). The role of business in global governance: Corporations as norm-entrepreneurs. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Forbes China. (2018, September 14). Forbes China lauds 11 companies for combatting desertification. Retrieved February 23, 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbeschina/2018/09/14/forbes-china-lauds-11-companies-for-combatting-desertification/?sh=7afb7a213fe0
Fortune. (2020). Global 500. Retrieved December 22, 2020, from https://fortune.com/global500/
Friedman, M. (1970, September 13). A Friedman doctrine-The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. The New York Times. Retrieved August 31, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/13/archives/a-friedman-doctrine-the-social-responsibility-of-business-is-to.html
Fuchs, D. (2007). Business power in global governance. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Fuchs, D., & Lederer, M. M. (2007). The power of business. Business and Politics, 9(3), 1-17. doi:10.2202/1469-3569.1214
FuturePolicy.org. (n.d.). China’s law of prevention and control of desertification. Retrieved February 16, 2021, from https://www.futurepolicy.org/healthy-ecosystems/chinas-law-of-prevention-and-control-of-desertification/
Geeson, N., Brandt, J., Quaranta, G., & Salvia, R. (2014). Designing a public web-based information system to illustrate and disseminate the development and results of the DESIRE project to combat desertification. Environmental Management, 54(5), 1043-1055. doi:10.1007/s00267-013-0069-x
George, S. (2015). Shadow sovereigns: How global corporations are seizing power. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Glantz, M. H., & Orlovsky, N. (1983). Desertification: A review of the concept. Desertification Control Bulletin, 9, 15-22.
Global Environment Facility. (n.d.). China and GEF partnership on land degradation in dryland ecosystems. Retrieved February 11, 2021, from https://www.thegef.org/news/china-and-gef-partnership-land-degradation-dryland-ecosystems
Global Footprint Network. (2020, November 19). National footprint and biocapacity accounts 2021 edition. Retrieved February 9, 2021, from http://data.footprintnetwork.org/
Gotsi, M., & Wilson, A. M. (2001). Corporate reputation: Seeking a definition. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 6(1), 24-30. doi:10.1108/13563280110381189
Györffi, M. (2005). Recent Tendencies in research linked with agro-meteorology financed by the EU framework programme. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 30(1), 11-23. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2004.08.037
Hadjikhani, A., & Thilenius, P. (2005). Non-business actors in a business network: A comparative case on firms' actions in developing and developed countries. Oxford: Elsevier.
Harvard Business Review. (2011). Harvard Business Review on greening your business profitably. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press.
Hawken, P. (1993). The ecology of commerce: A declaration of sustainability. New York: HarperCollins.
Held, D. (2018). The diffusion of authority. In T. G. Weiss & R. Wilkinson (Eds.), International organization and global governance (2nd ed.) (pp. 63-76). London: Routledge.
Heshmati, G. A., & Squires, V. R. (Eds.). (2013). Combating desertification in Asia, Africa and the Middle East: Proven practices. Dordrecht: Springer.
Hickman, T., & Lederer, M. (2018). Global political economy and development. In G. Kütting, & K. Herman (Eds.), Global environmental politics: Concepts, theories and case studies (2nd ed.) (pp. 47-65). London: Routledge.
Hong, L., Huang, Y., & Peng, S. (2020). Monitoring the trends of water-erosion desertification on the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, China from 1989 to 2016 using time-series landsat images. PLoS ONE, 15(2), 1-21. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227498
Huang, J., Ma, J., Guan, X., Li, Y., & He, Y. (2019, September). Progress in semi-arid climate change studies in China. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 36, 922-937. doi:10.1007/s00376-018-8200-9
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2019). Climate change and land: An IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2020/02/SRCCL-Complete-BOOK-LRES.pdf
Ji-hye, S. (2019, February 20). Yuhan-Kimberly selected as most admired company for 16 years. Retrieved January 24, 2021, from http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190220000666
Keohane, R. O. (2005). After hegemony: Cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Kertész, Á., & Křeček, J. (2019). Landscape degradation in the world and in Hungary. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, 68(3), 201-221. doi:10.15201/hungeobull.68.3.1
Kitagawa, H. (2017). Environmental policy under president Xi Jinping leadership: The changing environmental norms. In H. Kitagawa (Ed.), Environmental policy and governance in China (pp. 1-15). Tokyo: Springer Japan KK.
Kubuqi International Desert Forum. (2019a, April 26). Kubuqi Action Plan (2015-2025). Retrieved March 5, 2021, from http://en.kubuqiforum.org/index.php?menu=13&id=107
Kubuqi International Desert Forum. (2019b, April 26). Vision and Cooperation Framework (2015-2025). Retrieved March 12, 2021, from http://en.kubuqiforum.org/index.php?menu=13&id=106
Kubuqi International Desert Forum. (2019c, April 27). Kubuqi Consensus. Retrieved March 5, 2021, from http://en.kubuqiforum.org/index.php?menu=13&id=24
Lahlaoi, H., Rhinane, H., Hilali, A., Lahssini, S., & Moukrim, S. (2017). Desertification assessment using MEDALUS model in Watershed Oued El Maleh, Morocco. Geosciences, 7(3), 50. doi:10.3390/geosciences7030050
Li, M.-m., Liu, A.-t., Zou, C.-j., Xu, W.-d., Shimizu, H., & Wang, K.-y. (2012). An overview of the “Three-North” Shelterbelt Project in China. Forestry Studies in China, 14(1), 70-79. doi:10.1007/s11632-012-0108-3
Liu, Z., & Yamamoto, H. (2009). Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in China: Present conditions, trends, and future challenges. Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, 15(2), 223-230. doi:10.4036/iis.2009.223
Lyu, Y., Shi, P., Han, G., Liu, L., Guo, L., Hu, X., & Zhang, G. (2020). Desertification control practices in China. Sustainability, 12(8), 3258. doi:10.3390/su12083258
Meng, Z., Dang, X., & Gao, Y. (2020). Public private partnership for desertification control in Inner Mongolia. Singapore: Springer Singapore.
Mikler, J. (2018). The political power of global corporations. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Mortimore, M. (1998). Roots in the African dust: Sustaining the Sub-Saharan drylands. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Murray, W. E. (2006). Geographies of globalization. London: Routledge.
Nilsson, A., & Robinson, D. T. (2017, June 13). What is the business of business?. Innovation Policy and the Economy, 18. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2985301
Nouri, M., Bouzidi, M., Rezgui, W., Soltani, F., & Rejeb, M. (2020, January). Desertification risks: Sensitivity and limits of the MEDALUS method in semi-arid areas (Center of Tunisia). Nature & Technology, 22, 30-37.
O'Brien, R., & Williams, M. (2016). Global political economy: Evolution & dynamics (5th ed.). London: Palgrave.
O'Callaghan, T. (2007, January). Disciplining multinational enterprises: The regulatory power of reputation risk. Global Society, 21(1), 95-117. doi:10.1080/13600820601116583
O'Neill, K. (2009). The environment and international relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Opara, S. (2018, October 16). Chinese firm targets green investment opportunities in Nigeria. Retrieved March 11, 2021, from https://guardian.ng/business-services/chinese-firm-targets-green-investment-opportunities-in-nigeria/
Porter, M. E. (1998). Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance: With a new introduction. New York: The Free Press.
Ramamurti, R. (2005). Global regulatory convergence: The case of intellectual property rights. In R. Grosse (Ed.), International business and government relations in the 21st Century (pp. 341-359). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rechtschaffen, D. (2017, September 18). How China's growing deserts are choking the country. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/#4cc8c995d1b9
Reuters. (2012, February 2). Zuckerberg's letter to investors. Retrieved October 2, 2020, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-letter-idUSTRE8102MT20120201
Rosenau, J. N. (2004). Strong demand, huge supply: Governance in an emerging epoch. In I. Bache & M. Flinders (Eds.), Multi-level governance (pp. 31-48). New York: Oxford University Press.
Roth, D. (2011). Doing good is good business. In C. Pitelis, J. Keenan, & V. Pryce (Eds.), Green business, green values, and sustainability (pp. 98-103). New York: Routledge.
S & P Global. (2020, November 13). DJSI industry leaders. Retrieved January 12, 2021, from https://www.spglobal.com/esg/csa/csa-resources/industry-leaders-aj19
S & P Global. (n.d.). Dow Jones Sustainability Indices. Retrieved January 12, 2021, from https://www.spglobal.com/esg/csa/indices/djsi-index-family
SCG. (2011). CSR by heart: Anyone can do it. Retrieved January 28, 2021, from https://www.scg.com/pdf/en/SCG_CSR_Book_ENG.pdf
SCG. (2019). Sustainability report 2019: Collaboration for action. Retrieved
January 28, 2021, from https://scc.listedcompany.com/misc/sustainability_report/20200505-scc-sdr-2019-en-02.pdf
Schreurs, M. A. (2012). Rio+20: Assessing progress to date and future challenges. The Journal of Environment & Development, 21(1), 19-23. doi:10.1177/1070496511436277
Sell, S. K. (2018). Who governs the globe?. In T. G. Weiss & R. Wilkinson (Eds.), International organization and global governance (2nd ed.) (pp. 77-90). London: Routledge.
Selley, D. S. (2020, March 12). 7 refill stations in Bangkok to kick your plastic habits to the curb. Retrieved January 15, 2021, from https://bk.asia-city.com/shopping/news/7-refill-stations-bangkok-to-kick-your-plastic-habits-to-curb
Solh, M., & El-Fattal, L. (2015). Combating desertification and land degradation in the drylands: Research integration in practice. In J. Griffiths (Ed.), Living land (pp. 138-141). Leicester: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and Tudor Rose.
Speth, J. G., & Haas, P. M. (2006). Global environmental governance. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Squires, V. R. (2018). Commentary on desertification prevention and control: China’s solutions to a serious problem. In V. R. Squires & A. Ariapour (Eds.), Desertification: Past, current and future trends (pp. 155-166). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Stringer, L. (2008). Can the UN Convention to Combat Desertification guide sustainable use of the world’s soils?. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 6(3), 138–144. doi:10.1890/070060
Tal, A. (2007). Degraded commitments: Reviving international efforts to combat desertification. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 13(2), 187-197.
Tal, A. (2020). Not just tolerated-a global leader: Lessons learned from Israel's experience in the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Israel Studies, 25(1), 122-148. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.25.1.06
Tal, A., & Cohen, J. A. (2007). Bringing "top-down" to "bottom up": A new role for environmental legislation in combating desertification. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 31(1), 163-218.
Temple Bruer Wines. (2018, November 8). 10 Things to like about us. Retrieved January 17, 2021, from Temple Bruer Organic Wines: https://templebruerwines.com/blogs/news/10-things-to-love-about-us
The Sustainability Consortium. (n.d.). 100+ global members. Retrieved January 13, 2021, from https://www.sustainabilityconsortium.org/members/
The White House. (2021, January 20). Paris Climate Agreement. Retrieved January 21, 2021, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/20/paris-climate-agreement/
Tóth, Z. (2018). International dimensions of EU soil policy-the main binding and non-binding legal instruments. Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies, 59(3), 290-303. doi:10.1556/2052.2018.59.3.4
UNCCD Secretariat Policy Brief. (2012, May). Zero net land degradation (2nd ed.). Retrieved January 15, 2021, from https://catalogue.unccd.int/58_Zero_Net_Land_Degradation.pdf
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. (2011, October 19). World business leaders launch sustainable land management business forum. Retrieved January 24, 2021, from https://www.unccd.int/news-events/world-business-leaders-launch-sustainable-land-management-business-forum
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. (2016a, June 17). China and the UNCCD launch initiative to curb desertification along the Silk Road. Retrieved February 13, 2021, https://www.unccd.int/news-events/china-and-unccd-launch-initiative-curb-desertification-along-silk-road
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. (2016b, October 31). 2015 Land for Life Award winner Elion won China Poverty Eradication Award. Retrieved March 12, 2021, from https://www.unccd.int/news-events/2015-land-life-award-winner-elion-won-china-poverty-eradication-award
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. (2017a). Participation and involvement of the private sector in meetings and processes of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Retrieved
September 6, 2021, from https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/sessions/documents/2017-07/ICCD_COP%2813%29_16-1710616E.pdf
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. (2017b). Report of the Conference of the Parties on its thirteenth session, held in Ordos, China from 6 to 16 September 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2021, from https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/sessions/documents/2017-12/ICCD_COP%2813%29_21-1717909E.pdf
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. (n.d.). The LDN fund. Retrieved January 16, 2021, from https://www.unccd.int/actions/impact-investment-fund-land-degradation-neutrality
United Nations Environment Programme. (2015). Review of the Kubuqi Ecological Restoration Project: A desert green economy pilot initiative. Retrieved June 14, 2020, from https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/8652
United Nations Environment Programme. (2017a). Eco-restoration and wealth creation-Elion's Kubuqi business model. Retrieved March 5, 2021, from https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/21773
United Nations Environment Programme. (2017b, December 5). Wang Wenbiao, Champion of the Earth 2017 [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AA45ZwsS7sc
United Nations Environment Programme. (2019a). Global Environment Outlook (GEO-6): Healthy planet, healthy people. Retrieved May 11, 2020, from https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/27539/GEO6_2019.pdf sequence=1&isAllowed=y
United Nations Environment Programme. (2019b, September 23). Wang Wenbiao: Son of the desert with a mission to green the planet. Retrieved March 9, 2021, from https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/wang-wenbiao-son-desert-mission-green-planet
United Nations General Assembly. (1974, May 1). Declaration on the establishment of a new international economic order. Retrieved September 9, 2020, from https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/218450
United Nations Global Compact. (2020). Uniting business in the decade of action: Building on 20 years of progress. Retrieved January 7, 2021, from https://globalcompact.at/wpcontent/uploads/2020/08/UNGC_Progress_Report2020.pdf
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2019). World population prospects 2019: Highlights. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_Highlights.pdf
von Maltitz, G. P., Lindeque, G. H., & Kellner, K. (2018). A changing narrative on desertification and degradation in South Africa. In V. R. Squires & A. Ariapour (Eds.), Desertification: Past, current and future trends (pp. 29-72). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Wagner, L. M., & Mwangi, W. (2010). Be careful what you compromise for: Postagreement negotiations within the UN desertification convention. International Negotiation, 15(3), 439-458. doi:10.1163/157180610X529627
Walmart. (2018, February 14). Project Gigaton 101 [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/s0VOUxbzmX4
Walmart. (n.d.). Walmart's THESIS index. Retrieved January 13, 2021, from https://www.walmartsustainabilityhub.com/sustainability-index
Wang, W. (2019, April 26). Starting from Kubuqi, opening a green era. Retrieved March 5, 2021, from http://en.kubuqiforum.org/index.php?menu=13&id=29
Whitman, J. (2009). The fundamentals of global governance. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
World Bank. (2019, July 4). Curbing desertification in China. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/07/04/china-fighting-desertification-and-boosting-incomes-in-ningxia
World Business Council for Sustainable Development. (2010, April 1). Vision 2050: The new agenda for business. Retrieved January 12, 2021, from https://www.wbcsd.org/Overview/About-us/Vision2050/Resources/Vision-2050-The-new-agenda-for-business
World Business Council for Sustainable Development. (n.d.). Our 25 years of history. Retrieved January 12, 2021, from https://www.wbcsd.org/Overview/Our-history
Xi, J. (2014). Xi Jinping: The governance of China. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
Xinhua. (2018, October 12). Chinese company shares desertification control experience with Morocco. Retrieved March 11, 2021, from http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-10/12/c_137528338.htm
Zhou, C. (2021, February 13). China’s GDP ‘paradox’: Why young Chinese despair about future prospects despite rapid economic growth. Retrieved February 13, 2021, https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3121425/chinas-gdp-paradox-why-young-chinese-despair-about-future
Ziniel, C., & Bradley, T. (2018). Greening British businesses: SMEs and the new wave of the environmental social movement. International Journal of Social Quality, 8(2), 1-26. doi:10.3167/IJSQ.2018.080202