อันเนื่องมาจากความสำคัญของอัตตาในสังคมวิทยา
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เม.ย. 30, 2019
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ปฏิสัมพันธ์เชิงสัญลักษณ์ ทฤษฎีความนึกคิดเกี่ยวกับอัตตา วัตถุทางสังคม พฤติกรรม ตามแบบ ความเป็นชายชาตรี
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บทคัดย่อ
ในบทความทางวิชาการชิ้นนี้ ผู้เขียนมีวัตถุประสงค์ในอันที่จะย้อนกลับมาพิจารณา ตรวจสอบ และทบทวน (revisit) แนวคิดเรื่องอัตตา (self) ที่ถูกนำมาใช้อย่างแพร่หลายในวงวิชาการสังคมศาสตร์ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในสังคมวิทยา ผู้เขียนพยายามที่จะให้ความกระจ่างในลักษณะธรรมชาติของอัตตาที่เป็นคุณลักษณะอันสำคัญที่สุดอย่างหนึ่งของมนุษย์เรา เนื้อหาของบทความนี้เริ่มด้วยการให้คำนิยามที่มีอยู่อย่างหลากหลาย แล้วตามมาด้วยการพูดถึงกำเนิดของอัตตา การก่อรูป และการพัฒนา ต่อจากนั้นก็จะบรรยายถึงรูปการณ์หรือแง่มุม และการหน้าที่ของมัน ตลอดจนแนวทางต่างๆ ที่นักสังคมวิทยารุ่นปัจจุบันใช้ประโยชน์จากคำว่า self ด้วยเครื่องหมายยัติภังค์ (hyphenated form) ที่เป็นการแยกคำออกจากกัน ตัวอย่างเช่น self-concept self-perception self evaluation self-esteem เป็นต้น ซึ่งทั้งหมดที่ยกมาเป็นตัวอย่างแสดงให้ถึงความหลากหลายของมิติในตัวอัตตา
ท้ายที่สุด ผู้เขียนขอเสนอผลงานวิจัยเชิงประจักษ์ของสองนักสังคมวิทยาที่ได้ใช้แนวคิดเรื่อง self-identity มาอธิบายการกระทำผิดของเด็กและเยาวชนที่กำลังศึกษาเล่าเรียนอยู่ในสหรัฐอเมริกา นอกจากจะให้คำอธิบายด้วยข้อมูลที่วิเคราะห์ด้วยระเบียบวิธีสถิติสมัยใหม่แล้ว ยังแสดงให้เห็นถึงแนวทางการสร้างสมมติฐานด้วยการใช้ทฤษฎีเป็นพื้นฐาน
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รูปแบบการอ้างอิง
Punnahitanond, S. (2019). อันเนื่องมาจากความสำคัญของอัตตาในสังคมวิทยา. วารสารสังคมศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยนเรศวร, 15(1), 15_1–36. สืบค้น จาก https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jssnu/article/view/186326
ประเภทบทความ
บทความทางวิชาการ
เอกสารอ้างอิง
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Volume B, ed. L. Berkowitz, 1-62. N.Y.: Academic Press.
_______. 1978. “Self-Perception Theory.” In Cognitive Theories in Social Psychology, ed. L.
Berkowitz, 221-282. San Francisco: Academic Press.
_______. 1978. “Persons, Situations, and Template Matching: Theme and Variation.” In
Constistency in Social Behavior: The Ontario Symposium, eds. M. Zanna, E.T. Higgins
& C.P. Herman, Vol.2, 173-186. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bergson, H. 1935. The Two Sources of Morality and Religion. London: Macmillan.
Bloom, L., and P. Selznick. 1977. Sociology: A Text with Adapted Readings. 6th edition.
N.Y.: Harper and Row, Inc.
Blumer, H. 1969. Symbolic Interaction: Perspective and Method. Englewood, Cliff, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Collins, R. 1975. Conflict Sociology. New York: Academic Press.
Cooley, C.H. {1902} 1964. Human Nature and the Social Order. N.Y.: Scribner.
Cohen, A.R. 1966. Deviance and Control. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Dewey, J. {1887} 1967. The Early Works, 1882-1898; Volume 2: 1887 Psychology. Carbondale:
Southern Illinois University Press.
Feldman, R.S. 1985. Social Psychology. N.Y.: McGraw Hill.
Freud. S. {1920} 1930. A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis. London: Boni and Riverli.
Gerard, H.B., and J.M. Rabbie. 1961. “Fear and Social Comparison.” Journal of Abnormal
Social Psychology, 62: 586-592.
Goffman, E. 1956. “Embarrassement and Social Organization.” American Journal of Sociology, 62: 264-274.
______. {1959} 1963. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City: Doufle Day.
______. 1961. Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates.
Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
______. 1967. Interaction Behavior: Essays in Face-to-Face Behavior. New York: Anchor Books.
Grecas. 1982. “The Self-Concept.” Annual Review of Sociology, 8: 1-33.
Grecas. 1985. “Self-Concept.” Social Science Encyclopedia. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Harvey, O.J., and C. Consalvi. 1953. “Status and Conformity to Pressmes in Informal Group.”
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60: 182-187.
Hyman, H.H. 1942. “The Psychology of Status.” Arch Psychology, No.269.
James, W. 1890. The Principles of Psychology. 2 Volumes. New York: Henry Holt.
______. 1900. Psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Kotarba, J.A., and F. Audrea, eds. 1984. The Existential Self in Society. Chicago: The University
of Chicago Press.
Krech, D., et al. 1958. “Brain Chemistry and Adaptive Behavior.” In Biological and Biochemical
Bases of Behavior, eds. H.F. Harlow and C.N. Woolsey, 367-400. Madison,
Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin.
Krech, D., et al. 1962. Individual in Society: A Textbook of Social Psychology. New York:
McGraw Hill.
Levin, K. 1969. “Differentiation of the Personality.” Experimental Social Psychology. 2nd
edition, 233. N.Y.: Harper and Holt.
Levy, D.M. 1937. “Primary Affect Hunger.” American Journal of Psychiatry, 94: 643–652.
______. 1943. Maternal Overprotection. New York: Columbia University Press.
Loftland, J. 1969. Deviance and Identity. Englewood Cleffs: Prentice-Hall.
Mann, L. 1969. Social Psychology. Sydney: John Wiley and Sons.
McCall, G.L., and J.L. Simmons. 1966. Identities and Interaction. N.Y.: The Free Press.
McClelland, D.C., et al. 1972. “The Drinking Man: Alcohol and Human Motivation.” In The
Drinking Man: Alcohol and Human Motivation, eds. D.C. McClelland, W.N. Davis, R.
Kalin & E. Wanner, 376-315. New York: Free Press.
McDougall, W. 1908. Introduction to Social Psychology. London: Methuen.
______. 1926. Introduction to Social Psychology. Boston: J.W. Luce.
Mead, G.H. {1934} 1962. Mind, Self and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
______. 1982. The Individual and the Social Self. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Merton, R.K. 1940. “Bureaucratic Structure and Personality.” Social Forces, 18: 560-568.
Murphy, G. 1933. General Psychology. New York: Harper and Row.
______. 1947. Personality: A Biosocial Approach to Origins and Structure. New York: Harper
and Brothers.
Newcomb, T. {1950} 1954. Social Psychology. Scranton, PA: Dryden Press.
Reiss, A.J., Jr. 1951. “Delinguency as a Failure of Personal and Social Control.” ASR, 16:
196-207.
______. 1962. “The Social Integration of Peers and Queers.” Social Problems, 9: 102-120.
Rokeach, M. 1972. Beliefs, Attitudes and Values: A Theory of Organization and Change.
San Francisco, California: Josey-Bass, Inc.
Rosenberg, M. 1957. Occupations and Values. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
______ 1979. Conceiving the Self. N.Y.: Basic Book
______. 1995. “Global Self-Esteem and Specific Self-Esteem.” ASR, 60(1): 142-144.
Schacter, S. 1959. The Psychology of Affiliation. California: Stanford University Press.
Schwartz, M., and S. Stryker. 1970. Deviance, Selves and Others. Washington, DC: American
Sociological Association.
Sherif, M., and C.N. Sherif. 1968. Social Psychology. N.Y.: Harper and Row.
Singlemann, P. 1972. “Exchange as Symbolic Interaction.” ASR, 38: 414-424.
Stone, G.P. 1962. “Appearance and the Self,” pp.86-118. In Human Behavior and Social
Processes, ed. A.M. Rose. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Stryker, S. 1968. “Identity Salience and Role Performance: The Relevance of Symbolic Interaction
Theory for Family Research.” Journal of Marriage and the Family, 30: 558-564.
Turner, R. 1968. “The Self-Conception in Social Interaction.” In The Self-in Interaction, eds.
C. Gordon and K.J. Gergen, 93-106. N.Y.: Wiley.
Whyte, W. 1956. The Organization Man. N.Y.: Simon and Schuster.
Wiley, N. 1988. “The Micro-Macro Problem in Social Theory.” Sociological Theory, 6: 254–261.
William, J. 1900. Psychology. N.Y.: Holl, Rinchart and Winston.
Zimbardo, P.G., and R. Fformica. 1963. “Emotional Comparison and Self-Esteem as Determinants
of Affiliation.” Journal of Personality, 31: 141–162.
Zimbardo, P.G., and N.E. Miller. 1966. “The Facilitation of Exploration by Hunger in Rats.”
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 51: 43-46.
Bem, D. 1972. “Self-Perception Theory.” In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,
Volume B, ed. L. Berkowitz, 1-62. N.Y.: Academic Press.
_______. 1978. “Self-Perception Theory.” In Cognitive Theories in Social Psychology, ed. L.
Berkowitz, 221-282. San Francisco: Academic Press.
_______. 1978. “Persons, Situations, and Template Matching: Theme and Variation.” In
Constistency in Social Behavior: The Ontario Symposium, eds. M. Zanna, E.T. Higgins
& C.P. Herman, Vol.2, 173-186. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bergson, H. 1935. The Two Sources of Morality and Religion. London: Macmillan.
Bloom, L., and P. Selznick. 1977. Sociology: A Text with Adapted Readings. 6th edition.
N.Y.: Harper and Row, Inc.
Blumer, H. 1969. Symbolic Interaction: Perspective and Method. Englewood, Cliff, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Collins, R. 1975. Conflict Sociology. New York: Academic Press.
Cooley, C.H. {1902} 1964. Human Nature and the Social Order. N.Y.: Scribner.
Cohen, A.R. 1966. Deviance and Control. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Dewey, J. {1887} 1967. The Early Works, 1882-1898; Volume 2: 1887 Psychology. Carbondale:
Southern Illinois University Press.
Feldman, R.S. 1985. Social Psychology. N.Y.: McGraw Hill.
Freud. S. {1920} 1930. A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis. London: Boni and Riverli.
Gerard, H.B., and J.M. Rabbie. 1961. “Fear and Social Comparison.” Journal of Abnormal
Social Psychology, 62: 586-592.
Goffman, E. 1956. “Embarrassement and Social Organization.” American Journal of Sociology, 62: 264-274.
______. {1959} 1963. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City: Doufle Day.
______. 1961. Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates.
Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
______. 1967. Interaction Behavior: Essays in Face-to-Face Behavior. New York: Anchor Books.
Grecas. 1982. “The Self-Concept.” Annual Review of Sociology, 8: 1-33.
Grecas. 1985. “Self-Concept.” Social Science Encyclopedia. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Harvey, O.J., and C. Consalvi. 1953. “Status and Conformity to Pressmes in Informal Group.”
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60: 182-187.
Hyman, H.H. 1942. “The Psychology of Status.” Arch Psychology, No.269.
James, W. 1890. The Principles of Psychology. 2 Volumes. New York: Henry Holt.
______. 1900. Psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Kotarba, J.A., and F. Audrea, eds. 1984. The Existential Self in Society. Chicago: The University
of Chicago Press.
Krech, D., et al. 1958. “Brain Chemistry and Adaptive Behavior.” In Biological and Biochemical
Bases of Behavior, eds. H.F. Harlow and C.N. Woolsey, 367-400. Madison,
Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin.
Krech, D., et al. 1962. Individual in Society: A Textbook of Social Psychology. New York:
McGraw Hill.
Levin, K. 1969. “Differentiation of the Personality.” Experimental Social Psychology. 2nd
edition, 233. N.Y.: Harper and Holt.
Levy, D.M. 1937. “Primary Affect Hunger.” American Journal of Psychiatry, 94: 643–652.
______. 1943. Maternal Overprotection. New York: Columbia University Press.
Loftland, J. 1969. Deviance and Identity. Englewood Cleffs: Prentice-Hall.
Mann, L. 1969. Social Psychology. Sydney: John Wiley and Sons.
McCall, G.L., and J.L. Simmons. 1966. Identities and Interaction. N.Y.: The Free Press.
McClelland, D.C., et al. 1972. “The Drinking Man: Alcohol and Human Motivation.” In The
Drinking Man: Alcohol and Human Motivation, eds. D.C. McClelland, W.N. Davis, R.
Kalin & E. Wanner, 376-315. New York: Free Press.
McDougall, W. 1908. Introduction to Social Psychology. London: Methuen.
______. 1926. Introduction to Social Psychology. Boston: J.W. Luce.
Mead, G.H. {1934} 1962. Mind, Self and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
______. 1982. The Individual and the Social Self. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Merton, R.K. 1940. “Bureaucratic Structure and Personality.” Social Forces, 18: 560-568.
Murphy, G. 1933. General Psychology. New York: Harper and Row.
______. 1947. Personality: A Biosocial Approach to Origins and Structure. New York: Harper
and Brothers.
Newcomb, T. {1950} 1954. Social Psychology. Scranton, PA: Dryden Press.
Reiss, A.J., Jr. 1951. “Delinguency as a Failure of Personal and Social Control.” ASR, 16:
196-207.
______. 1962. “The Social Integration of Peers and Queers.” Social Problems, 9: 102-120.
Rokeach, M. 1972. Beliefs, Attitudes and Values: A Theory of Organization and Change.
San Francisco, California: Josey-Bass, Inc.
Rosenberg, M. 1957. Occupations and Values. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
______ 1979. Conceiving the Self. N.Y.: Basic Book
______. 1995. “Global Self-Esteem and Specific Self-Esteem.” ASR, 60(1): 142-144.
Schacter, S. 1959. The Psychology of Affiliation. California: Stanford University Press.
Schwartz, M., and S. Stryker. 1970. Deviance, Selves and Others. Washington, DC: American
Sociological Association.
Sherif, M., and C.N. Sherif. 1968. Social Psychology. N.Y.: Harper and Row.
Singlemann, P. 1972. “Exchange as Symbolic Interaction.” ASR, 38: 414-424.
Stone, G.P. 1962. “Appearance and the Self,” pp.86-118. In Human Behavior and Social
Processes, ed. A.M. Rose. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Stryker, S. 1968. “Identity Salience and Role Performance: The Relevance of Symbolic Interaction
Theory for Family Research.” Journal of Marriage and the Family, 30: 558-564.
Turner, R. 1968. “The Self-Conception in Social Interaction.” In The Self-in Interaction, eds.
C. Gordon and K.J. Gergen, 93-106. N.Y.: Wiley.
Whyte, W. 1956. The Organization Man. N.Y.: Simon and Schuster.
Wiley, N. 1988. “The Micro-Macro Problem in Social Theory.” Sociological Theory, 6: 254–261.
William, J. 1900. Psychology. N.Y.: Holl, Rinchart and Winston.
Zimbardo, P.G., and R. Fformica. 1963. “Emotional Comparison and Self-Esteem as Determinants
of Affiliation.” Journal of Personality, 31: 141–162.
Zimbardo, P.G., and N.E. Miller. 1966. “The Facilitation of Exploration by Hunger in Rats.”
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 51: 43-46.
