ISSN: 2774-132X (Online)
Footnotes and References
Footnotes and References
Mahidol Music Journal uses the notes and References system of The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition. Authors must provide footnotes identifying sources cited in the text and a references at the end of the manuscript. References entries must correspond to the sources cited, except for personal communications and other sources normally cited only in notes.
General Guidelines
1. Number footnotes consecutively throughout the manuscript using superscript Arabic numerals. Place footnote numbers after punctuation, except where Chicago specifies otherwise.
2. Give the full citation when a source is first cited. For subsequent citations, use the author’s surname, a shortened title, and the relevant page number. Use shortened citations rather than
3. In footnotes, identify the specific page or pages supporting the statement. In references entries for journal articles, provide the complete article page range.
4. Arrange references entries alphabetically by the first author’s surname. Invert the first author’s name where appropriate; present subsequent authors’ names in their normal order. Respect naming conventions for names already presented in family-name-first order.
5. Apply a hanging indent to each references entry.
6. Use Common Era (CE) publication years. Convert Buddhist Era (BE) years where necessary and verify the conversion against the source.
7. Italicize titles of books, journals, and separately published musical scores. Enclose titles of articles, book chapters, theses, dissertations, and individual web pages in double quotation marks.
8. Omit the designation of a first edition. Identify later editions when applicable. A place of publication is generally not required for modern books.
9. Include a DOI in URL form when available. Otherwise, provide an appropriate URL for online sources.
10. When several sources support the same statement, combine them in one footnote and separate the citations with semicolons. Use full or shortened citations according to whether each source has already been cited.
Non-English Sources
The following requirements apply to both footnotes and references entries.
Sources written in Latin script
Retain the original-language title, spelling, and diacritical marks. Use capitalization appropriate to the language, generally sentence-style capitalization. Provide an English translation of the title in square brackets immediately after the original title.
Sources written in non-Latin scripts
Provide the author’s name and the source title in romanized form. Use the author’s established Roman-letter spelling when available; otherwise, apply a recognized romanization system consistently. Follow the romanized title with an English translation in square brackets.
Romanization represents the original language in Latin letters; it is not an English translation. Do not replace the romanized title with an English translation alone.
English title translations
Use sentence-style capitalization and regular type for supplied English translations. Do not italicize them or enclose them in quotation marks. For an article or chapter, place the bracketed translation outside the quotation marks surrounding the original or romanized title.
Retain the published names of journals and publishers, using romanization where necessary. Use an official English name if one is provided by the journal or publisher; do not invent an English name.
For MMJ, identify the original language at the end of citations to non-English sources, for example, “(in Thai),” “(in French),” or “(in Chinese).”
A bracketed English title is a translation supplied for identification. If a published English translation was consulted, cite that edition and credit its translator.
Citation Formats and Examples
In the formats below, replace descriptive fields with the source’s actual information. The named examples are fictional and demonstrate formatting only.
1. Book
Footnote format:
Given Name Surname, Book Title(Publisher, Year), cited page.
References format:
Surname, Given Name. Book Title. Publisher, Year.
Example: Latin-script source
Footnote:
Claire Martin, La musique et la mémoire[Music and memory] (Éditions Exemple, 2022), 45. (in French)
References:
Martin, Claire. La musique et la mémoire [Music and memory]. Éditions Exemple, 2022. (in French)
Example: Non-Latin source presented in romanized form
Footnote:
Somchai Sukjai, Dontri kap sangkhom Thai [Music and Thai society] (Example Press, 2022), 62. (in Thai)
References:
Sukjai, Somchai. Dontri kap sangkhom Thai [Music and Thai society]. Example Press, 2022. (in Thai)
Shortened footnote:
Sukjai, Dontri kap sangkhom Thai, 75.
2. Chapter in an Edited Book
Footnote format:
Given Name Surname, “Chapter Title,” in Book Title, ed. Editor’s Given Name Surname (Publisher, Year), cited page.
References format:
Surname, Given Name. “Chapter Title.” In Book Title, edited by Editor’s Given Name Surname. Publisher, Year.
Example: Latin-script source
Footnote:
Claire Martin, “L’écoute et la mémoire” [Listening and memory], in Perspectives sur la musique, ed. Paul Bernard (Éditions Exemple, 2021), 83. (in French)
References:
Martin, Claire. “L’écoute et la mémoire” [Listening and memory]. In Perspectives sur la musique, edited by Paul Bernard. Éditions Exemple, 2021. (in French)
A chapter’s complete page range is not required in the references under Chicago 18.
3. Journal Article
Footnote format:
Given Name Surname, “Article Title,” Journal Title volume, no. issue (Year): cited page, DOI or URL.
References format:
Surname, Given Name. “Article Title.” Journal Title volume, no. issue (Year): complete page range. DOI or URL.
Example: Non-Latin source presented in romanized form
Footnote:
Somchai Sukjai, “Kan son piano nai prathet Thai” [Piano teaching in Thailand], Warasan Dontri Sueksa 8, no. 1 (2023): 20. (in Thai)
References:
Sukjai, Somchai. “Kan son piano nai prathet Thai” [Piano teaching in Thailand]. Warasan Dontri Sueksa 8, no. 1 (2023): 15–32. (in Thai)
Shortened footnote:
Sukjai, “Kan son piano,” 24.
Add the source’s DOI or URL when applicable.
4. Thesis or Dissertation
Footnote format:
Given Name Surname, “Thesis or Dissertation Title” (degree and document type, University, Year), cited page, database or URL.
References format:
Surname, Given Name. “Thesis or Dissertation Title.” Degree and document type, University, Year. Database or URL.
Example: Non-Latin source presented in romanized form
Footnote:
Somchai Sukjai, “Kan son piano nai prathet Thai” [Piano teaching in Thailand] (PhD diss., Example University, 2021), 96. (in Thai)
References:
Sukjai, Somchai. “Kan son piano nai prathet Thai” [Piano teaching in Thailand]. PhD diss., Example University, 2021. (in Thai)
Include a repository URL or database information when applicable.
5. Web Page
Footnote format:
Given Name Surname or Organization, “Page Title,” Website Name, publication or revision date, URL.
References format:
Surname, Given Name, or Organization. “Page Title.” Website Name. Publication or revision date. URL.
For a non-English page, present the title as:
“Original or romanized page title” [English translation]
Omit the website name if it repeats the organizational author. When no publication or revision date is available, provide an access date.
6. Published Translation
Footnote format:
Given Name Surname, Title of the Published Translation, trans. Translator’s Given Name Surname (Publisher, Year), cited page.
References format:
Surname, Given Name. Title of the Published Translation. Translated by Translator’s Given Name Surname. Publisher, Year.
Cite the translation actually consulted. Its published English title is italicized and is not placed in square brackets.
For source types or circumstances not covered here, consult The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition. Authors are responsible for verifying the accuracy and completeness of all citations.
