รูปแบบการจัดการความเสี่ยงขององค์กรที่มีภารกิจการคุ้มครองคนไร้ที่พึ่งในประเทศไทย
คำสำคัญ:
คนไร้ที่พึ่ง, คนขอทาน, คนเร่ร่อน, พัฒนาอาชีพ, ตกงาน, ความเสี่ยง, คนยากจน, องค์การที่มีภาระกิจคุ้มครองคนไร้ที่พึ่ง, บริหารคนไร้ที่พึ่งบทคัดย่อ
การศึกษาวิจัยนี้เพื่อค้นหารูปแบบการจัดการความเสี่ยงและแยกประเด็นความเสี่ยงขององค์การที่มีภารกิจการคุ้มครองคนไร้ที่พึ่งในประเทศไทยเพื่อใช้เป็นแนวทางในการสร้างเกณฑ์การประเมินความเสี่ยง และจัดการความเสี่ยงจากภายนอกองค์กรและภายในองค์กร ผลการวิจัยพบว่า ความเสี่ยงจากภายนอกองค์กรด้านสังคม และ ความเสี่ยงด้านชุมชน ความเสี่ยงด้านกฏหมาย มีความเสี่ยงสูงที่สูงที่สุดร้อยละ 94.44 ทั้ง 3 หัวข้อ และรองลงมาคือความเสี่ยงด้านเศรษฐกิจ ร้อยละ 83.33 เสนอแนวคิดการป้องกันความเสี่ยงและลดความเสี่ยงด้วยการพัฒนาคุณภาพชีวิตสู่สังคมเห็นด้วยร้อยละ 100 มีข้อเสนอเพิ่มเติมความเสี่ยงจากเทคโนโลยีมีผลต่อการบริหารความเสี่ยงร้อยละ 62.50 และค้นพบความเสี่ยงภายในองค์กรด้านผู้ใช้บริการมีโรคติดต่อ พฤติกรรมแตกต่าง ร้อยละ 100 ความเสี่ยงด้านกระบวนการคัดกรองผู้ใช้บริการก่อนนำเข้าสู่สถานคุ้มครองคนไร้ที่พึ่งทุกขั้นตอน และพัฒนาออกสู่สังคมได้น้อยมีข้อจำกัดของครูฝึกและวิธีการสอน ร้อยละ 100 รองลงมาคือด้านทรัพยากรมนุษย์ให้มีการจัดสหวิชาชีพเพียงพอต่อผู้ใช้บริการที่มีจิตเวชร่วม และ บุคลากรเสี่ยงต่อโรคติดต่อ เน้นให้ทำกิจกรรมบำบัดร้อยละ 94.44 และความเสี่ยงด้านการเงินมีงบประมาณไม่เพียงพอ ร้อยละ 83.33 มีเสนอแนวคิดการป้องกันความเสี่ยงโดยพัฒนาบุคลากรให้เป็นนักสหวิชาชีพ จัดสัดส่วนให้เพียงพอ ร้อยละ 88.89 เสนอให้มีหมอ พยาบาลเข้ามาตรวจผู้ที่เป็นจิตเวชอย่างต่อเนื่องเป็นประจำ และเสนอให้มีการพัฒนาอาชีพตามความถนัดแก่ผู้ใช้บริการก่อนออกสู่สังคมโดยกำหนดเป็นกระบวนชัดเจนเช่น การพัฒนาอาชีพผ่านกรมพัฒนาฝีมือแรงงาน ร่วมกับสถานประกอบการองค์กรเอกชน
เอกสารอ้างอิง
Kanya Rithisakorn (2014). Relationship between risk management and performance.Teacher in school. Office of Non-formal Education and Non-Formal Education, Pathumthani Province
Natee Sorawaree. (2015). Welfare un cover the helpless person, Retrieved from https://news.voicetv.co.th/thailand/272487.html
Sawitree Nguanhom (2013) the factor of suitability and effectiveness of educational institutions. Educational administration. Silpakorn University
The Development Research Institute of Thailand (2006). Services for helpless person. The Service of the Dependent Group And welfare. (2005), p. 62.
Surapong Mali (2006). Two aspects of corporate governance: risk and trust. Journal of Government Officials. Year: 52 Issue. Number: 1 Page Number: 33-40 Office of the Civil Service Commission
Surapong Mali (2014) Risk Management of the MRTA Risk Management Manual Find out from. Retrieved from ttps://www.mrta.co.th/en/aboutMRTA/riskManagement.php
Surapong Mali (2014) Risk Management Guide. Energy Conservation Promotion Fund
Surapong Mali.(2016). Less learned from management of helpless persons in the helpless organization of Thailand. Thammasart University.
Surapong Mali (2016).Journal of Social Development and Welfare, Department of Social Development and Welfare, Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, Thailand.
Abt Enterprises LLC.(2013). Rapid Situation Assessment Report On The situation of street
children in Cairo and Alexandria. (January 5, 2013). Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/index14268.html ,2001.
Ali, M. and Muynck, A. de. (2005).Illness incidence and health seekingbehavior among
street children in Rawalpindi and Islamabad,Pakistan – a qualitative study. Child: Care, Health andDevelopment, 31(5), pp. 525-532
Armando Barrientos.(2010).Social protection and poverty: ISSN1369-6866.InternationalJournalofSocialWelfare.UnitedNationsResearchInstituteforSocialDevelopment. Brooks World Poverty Institute. University of Manchester.UK. BlackwellPublishing
City of Sunderland.(2007). Risk management for school. Retrieved from
https://www.fmsis.info/uploads/R29.pdf
Carol L. M. Caton, Boanerges Dominguez, Bella Schanzer, Deborah S. Hasin, Patrick E. Shrout, Alan Felix, Hunter McQuistion, Lewis A. Opler,, and Eustace Hsu, BA. (2005).Risk Factors for Long-Term Homelessness: Findings From a Longitudinal Study of First-Time Homeless Single Adults. American Journal of Public Health.Vol 95.No. 10
D Wood, R B Valdez, Thayashi and Ashen. ( 1990). Homeless and housed families in Los Angeles: A study comparing demographic economic and family function characteristics. American Journal of Public Health September 1990: V.80, pp. 1049-1052.
Elliott D. Sclar. (1990). Homelessness and housing policy: A game of musical chairs. Planning and presentation. Columbia University. Newyork.
Elson Tong.(2015). Criminal Syndicates:How beggars in Hongkong benefits from legal grey area. Community and ducation. HKFP Voices.
Ellen L. Bassuk, John C.. Buckner, Linda F. Weinreb, Angela Browne. Shari S. Bassuk. Ree Dawson. And Jennifer N. Perloff. (1997). Risk for family homeless. Public health. American journal
Ehtisham Ahmad, Jean Dreze, John Hills and Amartya Sen. (1991). Social security in developing countries.Oxford scholarship online:Oct-11.DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198233008.001.0001
Evans M. Mose. (2015). Impact of supply chain integration strategic on performance. European center.
F. Grant. (2000). Estimates of US Children Exposed to Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in the Family. Division of Biometry and Epidemiology. National Institute.
Fitzpatrick, S. And Catherine, K. (2003).Begging a antisocial behaviour. Crisis’ response to the white paper respect and responsibility taking a stand against anti social behaviour. Crisis fighting for hope for homeless.London.UK
Glenn Murphy.( 2014).integrated frame work.fromhttps://www.bestgrc.com/leverage-compliance/insights-revised-coso-integrated-framework-revised-coso-series/.
Graham Tipple and Suzanne Speak.(2004).Attitudes to and Interventions in Homelessness: Insights from an International Study. Global Urban Research Unit (GURU), School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape.University of Newcastle upon Tyne.U.K.
Hideo Aoki.(2008). Globalization and the Street Homeless in Metro Manila. Philippine Studis. Ateneo de Manila University. vol. 56, no. 1. pp.69–76
Han L Lee. (2004). The triple a supply chain. HBR sportlight.Harvard Business Review.
Ho.(2015).A statistical analysis on Facebook-based questionnaire survey data on homelessness perceptions in Hong Kong.EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH. Hong Kong, China
Jens Rasmussen. (1997). Risk management in a dynamic society: A modeling problem. Pergamon journal. Safety science. Hurecon Smorun Bygarde. Denmark.
Joshua Foong and Shaun Ho (2010).Homeless in KL.The star online.MalaysiaJoseph Kim Keung
Jennifer B. Unger, Team.(2016). Stress Coping, and Social Support among Homeless Youth.Adolescent Medicine. Childrens Hospital Los Angeles
Jun Hongo. (2014).Homelessness in Tokyo hits record low. Japan real time journal
John Spacey.(2014).Homelessness in Japan: Invisible and Tolerated.Retrieved from https://www.japan-talk.com/jt/new/homelessness-in-japan.
Lisa K. Flax, Russel W.Jackson and David N. Stein.(2002).Community Vulnerability Assessment Tool: Risk management of natural hazard review.NOAA Coasta Service center. Charleston.
Lambert et al. (1998). Supply chain management: integrating and managing business processes among participants throughoutthe supply chain. Retrieved from https://www.nap.edu /read/6369/chapter/5#25
Mckinney-Vento.(2016).Supporting the success of homeless children and youth. Department of Education. United State of America
McKinney-Vento.(2004).Guidance for the Education for Homeless Children and Youth Program(Updated July 2004).Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/programs/homeless/legislation.html
Michelle Adato,Akhter Ahmed, and Francie Lund.(2004). Linking Safety Nets, Social Protection, and Poverty:Reduction — Directions for Africa. sustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty:2020 Africa conference brief12. International Food Policy Research Institute. Retrieved from www.ifpri.org/2020africaconference.Washington.
Mohd Ramlan Mohd Arshad1.(2013)Street Begging in Kuala Lumpur.Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies. Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam. DOI: 10.7763/IPEDR.
2014. V 78. 1
Michael Regester and Judy Larkin. (2005). Risk issued and crisis management: Prin practice series 3rdedition.Chartered Institute of Public Relations, p.215-216
Marah A. Curtis, Hope Corman, Kelly Noonan and Nancy E. Reichman. (2014). Maternal Depression as a Risk Factor for Family Homelessness. American Journal of Public Health. V.104. No9. Pp 1664-1670
Moeller, Robert R.. (2007. COSO Enterprise Risk Assessement. Understanding the new Integrated ERM Framework. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 53.
Preston Phro. (2014). Homeless in Japan an still earning a decent salary. Retrieved fromhttps://www.japantoday.com/category/lifestyle/view/homeless-in-japan-andstill-earning
Paul Koegal and M. Audrey Burnam. (1995) Childhood risk factor for homeless among homeless adults. Social policy department. Rand corporation. Rand graduate school. Santa Monica. California
Rupa Subramanya Dehejia. (2011). Economics journal: should you give to beggars: India real time sharing. From http//on.wsj.com/19kn1UR
Robert Holzmann and Steen Jorgensen .(2001).Social risk management: A new conceptual framework for social protection and beyond. Abstract..National tax and public finance. Springer Link. V8.Issue 4. Pp.529-556
Rayna.(2014).Homelessness in Malaysia:Policy Sheet.Food not Bombs.Kuala Lumpur
Ronald U. Mondoza.(2014).Including homeless families and children in the social protection system: a brief review of international experience and an analysis of data on the Philippine pilot programme.Journal o f Asian of Public Policy.
Robert Rosemberger. (2015).Laws that sneakily push the homeless away.:Homelessness report of US.
America.Sharifah Mariam Alhabshi.(2012).Homelessness in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: A Case of Agenda Denial
The Journal of Society. International Journal of Social Science Tomorrow Vol. 1 No. 2. International Institute of Public Policy & Management. Federal Service Department. Malaysia.
Sharma N. & Joshi S. (2013). Preventing-substance abuse among street childrenin India: a literature review.Health Science Journal, 7(2), pp.137-148.
Stephen H. Linder and Ken Sexton. (2011).Conceptual Models for Cumulative Risk Assessment. American Journal of Public Health: December 2011, Vol. 101, No. S1, pp. S74-S81.
Tom Gill. ( 2014). Homelessness and welfare in Japan. Retrieved from https://www.nippon.com/en/column/goo232/Tim Forsyth.(2005).Encyclopedia of international development.Routledge.Taylor and Francis Group.London and Newyork.
Williams, S. and Stickley, T. (2011). Stories from the streets: people’sexperiences of homelessness. Journal of Psychiatric andMental Health Nursing, 18, (2011), pp. 432-439.
Nancy R. Tague’s. (2004). The Quality Toolbox, Second Edition, ASQ Quality Press, 2004, pages 390-392.
Yoshikazu Fujisawa, Yu, Ishida Satoshi, Nagatomi and Kunnihiko Iwasaki. (2015).A study of social innovation concepts: A Japanese perspective. Japan social innovation journal. V5 No.1.
Yoshihiro Okamoto.(2007). A Comparative Study of Homelessness in the United Kingdom and Japan. School of Business and Public Policies. Chukyo University. Nagoya. Japan
Yoshihiro Okamoto, Kazuo Hayakawa, Sadahisa Noguch, and Masumi Shinya. (2004).Homelessness and housing in Japan. Chukyo University. Nagoya, Japan
Yoshihiro Okamoto.(1998).Fives steps for risk management. SHE Office. Retrieved from https://www.open.gov.uk/hse/pubns/indg163.htm.Sudbury.Suffolk.
Yoshihiro Okamoto.(2011).Supply chain a compilation of best practice. SCRLC. Supply chain risk
Natee Sorawaree. (2015). Welfare un cover the helpless person, Retrieved from https://news.voicetv.co.th/thailand/272487.html
Sawitree Nguanhom (2013) the factor of suitability and effectiveness of educational institutions. Educational administration. Silpakorn University
The Development Research Institute of Thailand (2006). Services for helpless person. The Service of the Dependent Group And welfare. (2005), p. 62.
Surapong Mali (2006). Two aspects of corporate governance: risk and trust. Journal of Government Officials. Year: 52 Issue. Number: 1 Page Number: 33-40 Office of the Civil Service Commission
Surapong Mali (2014) Risk Management of the MRTA Risk Management Manual Find out from. Retrieved from ttps://www.mrta.co.th/en/aboutMRTA/riskManagement.php
Surapong Mali (2014) Risk Management Guide. Energy Conservation Promotion Fund
Surapong Mali.(2016). Less learned from management of helpless persons in the helpless organization of Thailand. Thammasart University.
Surapong Mali (2016).Journal of Social Development and Welfare, Department of Social Development and Welfare, Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, Thailand.
Abt Enterprises LLC.(2013). Rapid Situation Assessment Report On The situation of street
children in Cairo and Alexandria. (January 5, 2013). Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/index14268.html ,2001.
Ali, M. and Muynck, A. de. (2005).Illness incidence and health seekingbehavior among
street children in Rawalpindi and Islamabad,Pakistan – a qualitative study. Child: Care, Health andDevelopment, 31(5), pp. 525-532
Armando Barrientos.(2010).Social protection and poverty: ISSN1369-6866.InternationalJournalofSocialWelfare.UnitedNationsResearchInstituteforSocialDevelopment. Brooks World Poverty Institute. University of Manchester.UK. BlackwellPublishing
City of Sunderland.(2007). Risk management for school. Retrieved from
https://www.fmsis.info/uploads/R29.pdf
Carol L. M. Caton, Boanerges Dominguez, Bella Schanzer, Deborah S. Hasin, Patrick E. Shrout, Alan Felix, Hunter McQuistion, Lewis A. Opler,, and Eustace Hsu, BA. (2005).Risk Factors for Long-Term Homelessness: Findings From a Longitudinal Study of First-Time Homeless Single Adults. American Journal of Public Health.Vol 95.No. 10
D Wood, R B Valdez, Thayashi and Ashen. ( 1990). Homeless and housed families in Los Angeles: A study comparing demographic economic and family function characteristics. American Journal of Public Health September 1990: V.80, pp. 1049-1052.
Elliott D. Sclar. (1990). Homelessness and housing policy: A game of musical chairs. Planning and presentation. Columbia University. Newyork.
Elson Tong.(2015). Criminal Syndicates:How beggars in Hongkong benefits from legal grey area. Community and ducation. HKFP Voices.
Ellen L. Bassuk, John C.. Buckner, Linda F. Weinreb, Angela Browne. Shari S. Bassuk. Ree Dawson. And Jennifer N. Perloff. (1997). Risk for family homeless. Public health. American journal
Ehtisham Ahmad, Jean Dreze, John Hills and Amartya Sen. (1991). Social security in developing countries.Oxford scholarship online:Oct-11.DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198233008.001.0001
Evans M. Mose. (2015). Impact of supply chain integration strategic on performance. European center.
F. Grant. (2000). Estimates of US Children Exposed to Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in the Family. Division of Biometry and Epidemiology. National Institute.
Fitzpatrick, S. And Catherine, K. (2003).Begging a antisocial behaviour. Crisis’ response to the white paper respect and responsibility taking a stand against anti social behaviour. Crisis fighting for hope for homeless.London.UK
Glenn Murphy.( 2014).integrated frame work.fromhttps://www.bestgrc.com/leverage-compliance/insights-revised-coso-integrated-framework-revised-coso-series/.
Graham Tipple and Suzanne Speak.(2004).Attitudes to and Interventions in Homelessness: Insights from an International Study. Global Urban Research Unit (GURU), School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape.University of Newcastle upon Tyne.U.K.
Hideo Aoki.(2008). Globalization and the Street Homeless in Metro Manila. Philippine Studis. Ateneo de Manila University. vol. 56, no. 1. pp.69–76
Han L Lee. (2004). The triple a supply chain. HBR sportlight.Harvard Business Review.
Ho.(2015).A statistical analysis on Facebook-based questionnaire survey data on homelessness perceptions in Hong Kong.EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH. Hong Kong, China
Jens Rasmussen. (1997). Risk management in a dynamic society: A modeling problem. Pergamon journal. Safety science. Hurecon Smorun Bygarde. Denmark.
Joshua Foong and Shaun Ho (2010).Homeless in KL.The star online.MalaysiaJoseph Kim Keung
Jennifer B. Unger, Team.(2016). Stress Coping, and Social Support among Homeless Youth.Adolescent Medicine. Childrens Hospital Los Angeles
Jun Hongo. (2014).Homelessness in Tokyo hits record low. Japan real time journal
John Spacey.(2014).Homelessness in Japan: Invisible and Tolerated.Retrieved from https://www.japan-talk.com/jt/new/homelessness-in-japan.
Lisa K. Flax, Russel W.Jackson and David N. Stein.(2002).Community Vulnerability Assessment Tool: Risk management of natural hazard review.NOAA Coasta Service center. Charleston.
Lambert et al. (1998). Supply chain management: integrating and managing business processes among participants throughoutthe supply chain. Retrieved from https://www.nap.edu /read/6369/chapter/5#25
Mckinney-Vento.(2016).Supporting the success of homeless children and youth. Department of Education. United State of America
McKinney-Vento.(2004).Guidance for the Education for Homeless Children and Youth Program(Updated July 2004).Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/programs/homeless/legislation.html
Michelle Adato,Akhter Ahmed, and Francie Lund.(2004). Linking Safety Nets, Social Protection, and Poverty:Reduction — Directions for Africa. sustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty:2020 Africa conference brief12. International Food Policy Research Institute. Retrieved from www.ifpri.org/2020africaconference.Washington.
Mohd Ramlan Mohd Arshad1.(2013)Street Begging in Kuala Lumpur.Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies. Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam. DOI: 10.7763/IPEDR.
2014. V 78. 1
Michael Regester and Judy Larkin. (2005). Risk issued and crisis management: Prin practice series 3rdedition.Chartered Institute of Public Relations, p.215-216
Marah A. Curtis, Hope Corman, Kelly Noonan and Nancy E. Reichman. (2014). Maternal Depression as a Risk Factor for Family Homelessness. American Journal of Public Health. V.104. No9. Pp 1664-1670
Moeller, Robert R.. (2007. COSO Enterprise Risk Assessement. Understanding the new Integrated ERM Framework. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 53.
Preston Phro. (2014). Homeless in Japan an still earning a decent salary. Retrieved fromhttps://www.japantoday.com/category/lifestyle/view/homeless-in-japan-andstill-earning
Paul Koegal and M. Audrey Burnam. (1995) Childhood risk factor for homeless among homeless adults. Social policy department. Rand corporation. Rand graduate school. Santa Monica. California
Rupa Subramanya Dehejia. (2011). Economics journal: should you give to beggars: India real time sharing. From http//on.wsj.com/19kn1UR
Robert Holzmann and Steen Jorgensen .(2001).Social risk management: A new conceptual framework for social protection and beyond. Abstract..National tax and public finance. Springer Link. V8.Issue 4. Pp.529-556
Rayna.(2014).Homelessness in Malaysia:Policy Sheet.Food not Bombs.Kuala Lumpur
Ronald U. Mondoza.(2014).Including homeless families and children in the social protection system: a brief review of international experience and an analysis of data on the Philippine pilot programme.Journal o f Asian of Public Policy.
Robert Rosemberger. (2015).Laws that sneakily push the homeless away.:Homelessness report of US.
America.Sharifah Mariam Alhabshi.(2012).Homelessness in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: A Case of Agenda Denial
The Journal of Society. International Journal of Social Science Tomorrow Vol. 1 No. 2. International Institute of Public Policy & Management. Federal Service Department. Malaysia.
Sharma N. & Joshi S. (2013). Preventing-substance abuse among street childrenin India: a literature review.Health Science Journal, 7(2), pp.137-148.
Stephen H. Linder and Ken Sexton. (2011).Conceptual Models for Cumulative Risk Assessment. American Journal of Public Health: December 2011, Vol. 101, No. S1, pp. S74-S81.
Tom Gill. ( 2014). Homelessness and welfare in Japan. Retrieved from https://www.nippon.com/en/column/goo232/Tim Forsyth.(2005).Encyclopedia of international development.Routledge.Taylor and Francis Group.London and Newyork.
Williams, S. and Stickley, T. (2011). Stories from the streets: people’sexperiences of homelessness. Journal of Psychiatric andMental Health Nursing, 18, (2011), pp. 432-439.
Nancy R. Tague’s. (2004). The Quality Toolbox, Second Edition, ASQ Quality Press, 2004, pages 390-392.
Yoshikazu Fujisawa, Yu, Ishida Satoshi, Nagatomi and Kunnihiko Iwasaki. (2015).A study of social innovation concepts: A Japanese perspective. Japan social innovation journal. V5 No.1.
Yoshihiro Okamoto.(2007). A Comparative Study of Homelessness in the United Kingdom and Japan. School of Business and Public Policies. Chukyo University. Nagoya. Japan
Yoshihiro Okamoto, Kazuo Hayakawa, Sadahisa Noguch, and Masumi Shinya. (2004).Homelessness and housing in Japan. Chukyo University. Nagoya, Japan
Yoshihiro Okamoto.(1998).Fives steps for risk management. SHE Office. Retrieved from https://www.open.gov.uk/hse/pubns/indg163.htm.Sudbury.Suffolk.
Yoshihiro Okamoto.(2011).Supply chain a compilation of best practice. SCRLC. Supply chain risk
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เผยแพร่แล้ว
2019-12-16
ฉบับ
ประเภทบทความ
บทความวิจัย
สัญญาอนุญาต
บทความที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์เป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวารสารวิชาการ สถาบันเทคโนโลยีแห่งสุวรรณภูมิ
ข้อความที่ปรากฏในบทความแต่ละเรื่องในวารสารวิชาการเล่มนี้เป็นความคิดเห็นส่วนตัวของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับสถาบันเทคโนโลยีแห่งสุวรรณภูมิ และคณาจารย์ท่านอื่นๆในสถาบันฯ แต่อย่างใด ความรับผิดชอบองค์ประกอบทั้งหมดของบทความแต่ละเรื่องเป็นของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่าน หากมีความผิดพลาดใดๆ ผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านจะรับผิดชอบบทความของตนเองแต่ผู้เดียว
