Carbon-based Solid Acid Catalysts for the Reduction of Fatty Acid Content in Waste Cooking Oil
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Abstract
This research prepared carbon-based solid acid catalysts from sugarcane leaves via hydrothermal carbonization-sulfonation processes in combination with perchloric acid and phosphoric acid. The functional groups were examined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy and found similar characteristics of all the three solid acid catalysts, which consisted of hydroxyl groups (−OH), carboxyl groups (−COOH), and sulfonic groups (−SO3H) showing acidic properties on the catalysts. The prepared solid acids had total acid density between 2.26-3.71 mmol/g and sulfonic groups contents between 0.428-0.768 mmol/g. When the solid acid catalysts were tested for the reduction of free fatty acids in vegetable oils with high free fatty acid content prepared by blending palm oil with oleic acid, via esterification with methanol, it was found that the ratio of methanol to starting oil, reaction temperature, and reaction time affected the reduction of free fatty acids. The catalytic reaction in used vegetable oil was tested by varying parameters such as methanol:oil molar ratio, temperature, reaction time, catalyst types, and amounts of catalyst. It was found that the catalyst prepared with phosphoric and sulfuric acids was the most effective in reducing the amount of free fatty acids in used vegetable oil, having the percentage of free fatty acids of 0.95 after 5 hours when using the carbon-based solid acid catalyst (SLPPS) 3% by weight of the starting oil.
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