Analysis of the river cruise network in Southeast Asia: A complex network approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2023.261548Keywords:
River cruise, Network analysis, Hub ports, Port connectivity, Complex network analysisAbstract
River cruise shipping is a tourism sectors which tends to have rapid growth. This study analyzes the structural properties and connectivity of the river cruise network and cruise ports by using complex network analysis. By analyzing 257 river cruise voyages operated by 5 cruise lines in Southeast Asia, this study shows that the network consists of 31 cruise ports, connected by 94 cruise routes. A small number of ports play a central role in connecting to other ports in the network. The network has a short average path length and a low clustering coefficient. Siem Reap, Koh Chen, Ho Chi Minh City, Halong Bay, and Thanh Pho Ninh Binh are hubs with high connectivity. Siem Reap also plays an intermediary role, and has high reachability with other ports in the network, with the highest betweenness and closeness centralities. The findings of this study are useful for cruise lines and cruise port authorities for improvement of their operations and service network.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cite this article: Kanrak, M., Traiyarach, S., Wuttipan, C., Lau, Y.-Y., Zhou, J. (2023). Analysis of the river cruise network in Southeast Asia: A complex network approach. Maritime Technology and Research, 5(2), 261548. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2023.261548
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Highlights
- Empirical analysis has allowed understand the structural properties of the river cruise network and ports
- A complex network analysis approach is applied to analyse the river cruise network
- River cruise ports play different roles based on centrality measures
References
Baniya, R., Dogru-Dastan, H., & Thapa, B. (2021). Visitors’ experience at Angkor Wat, Cambodia: Evidence from sentiment and topic analysis. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 16(6), 632-645. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2020.1833892
Bosnic, I., & Gasic, I. (2019). River cruise industry: Trends and challenges. Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, 2019, 32-41.
CCNR. (2020). Annual Report - Inland Navigation in Europe Market Observation. Central Commission For the Navigation of the Rhine.
Chang, Y. T., Lee, S., & Park, H. (2017). Efficiency analysis of major cruise lines. Tourism Management, 58, 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.012
Chen, J. M., Petrick, J. F., Papathanassis, A., & Li, X. (2019). A meta-analysis of the direct economic impacts of cruise tourism on port communities. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31, 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.05.005
CLIA. (2019). Ocean & River cruise review 2018. Retrieved from https://cruising.org/-/media/eu-resources/pdfs/CLIA-Cruise-Review-2018-Published-2019
CLIA. (2021). State of the cruise industry outlook. Retrieved from https://cruising.org/en/news-and-research/research/2019/december/state-of-the-cruise-industry-outlook-2020
CLIA. (2022). State of the cruise industry outlook. Retrieved from https://cruising.org/-/media/clia-media/research/2022/clia-state-of-the-cruise-industry-2022_updated.ashx
Cooper, D., Holmes, K., Pforr, C., & Shanka, T. (2019). Implications of generational change: European river cruises and the emerging Gen X market. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 25(4), 418-431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766718814088
Cruisecritic. (2022). Cruisecritic. Retrieved from https://www.cruisecritic.com.au
Dowling, R., & Weeden, C. (2017). Cruise ship tourism. CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780646084.0000
Ducruet, C., & Notteboom, T. (2012). The worldwide maritime network of container shipping: Spatial structure and regional dynamics. Global Networks, 12(3), 395-423. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2011.00355.x
Ducruet, C., & Zaidi, F. (2012). Maritime constellations: A complex network approach to shipping and ports. Maritime Policy & Management, 39(2), 151-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2011.650718
Erdeji, I., & Dragin, A. (2017). Is cruising along European rivers primarily intended for seniors and workers from Eastern Europe? Geographica Pannonica, 21(2), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.5937/GeoPan1702115E
Erfurt-Cooper, P. (2009). European waterways as a source of leisure and recreation (pp. 95-116). River Tourism, Wallingford, UK and Boston, MA: CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845934682.0095
FMI. (2022). River cruises market. Future market insights. Retrieved from https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/river-cruises-industry-overview
Grammerstorf, H. H. (2013). European river cruising: Greening measure and ecological aspects of river cruises. Retrieved from http://ccr-zkr.org/files/documents/workshops/wrshp081013/6_HGrammerstorf_en.pdf
Guedes, A., & Rebelo, J. (2021). River cruise holiday packages: A network analysis combined with a geographic information system framework. Tourism Management Perspectives, 37, 100779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100779
Gustafson, P. (2001). Roots and routes: Exploring the relationship between place attachment and mobility. Environment and Behavior, 33(5), 667-686. https://doi.org/10.1177/00139160121973188
Hall, C. M. (2013). Policy learning and policy failure in sustainable tourism governance: From first-and second-order to third-order change? (pp. 249-272). Tourism Governance, Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.555555
Jeon, J. W., Duru, O., & Yeo, G. T. (2019). Cruise port centrality and spatial patterns of cruise shipping in the Asian market. Maritime Policy & Management, 46(3), 257-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2019.1570370
Kanrak, M., & Nguyen, H. O. (2022). An analysis of connectivity, assortativity and cluster structure of the Asian-Australasian cruise shipping network. Maritime Transport Research, 3, 2022, 100048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.martra.2021.100048
Kanrak, M., & Nguyen, H. O. (2022). Structure, characteristics and connectivity analysis of the asian-australasian cruise shipping network. Maritime Policy & Management, 49(6), 882-896. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2021.1914876
Kanrak, M., Nguyen, H. O., & Du, Y. (2022). Analysis of the COVID-19 Pandemic’s impact on the cruise shipping network in the Asian-Australasian region. Journal of International Logistics and Trade, 20(l), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.24006/jilt.2022.e1
Larsen, S., Wolff, K., Marnburg, E., & Øgaard, T. (2013). Belly full, purse closed: Cruise line passengers' expenditures. Tourism Management Perspectives, 6, 142-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2013.02.002
Lee, S., & Ramdeen, C. (2013). Cruise ship itineraries and occupancy rates. Tourism Management, 34, 236-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.03.009
Liu, S., Lu, P., Liu, D., Jin, P., & Wang, W. (2009). Pinpointing the sources and measuring the lengths of the principal rivers of the world. International Journal of Digital Earth, 2(1), 80-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538940902746082
Mou, N., Sun, S., Yang, T., Wang, Z., Zheng, Y., Chen, J., & Zhang, L. (2020) Assessment of the resilience of a complex network for crude oil transportation on the Maritime Silk Road. IEEE Access, 8, 181311-181325. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3028214
MRC. (2010). State of the Basin report. Retrieved from https://www.mrcmekong.org/assets/Publications/basin-reports/MRC-SOB-report-2010full-report.pdf
Niavis, S., & Tsiotas, D. (2018). Decomposing the price of the cruise product into tourism and transport attributes: Evidence from the Mediterranean market. Tourism Management, 67, 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.01.004
Paiano, A., Crovella, T., & Lagioia, G. (2020). Managing sustainable practices in cruise tourism: The assessment of carbon footprint and waste of water and beverage packaging. Tourism Management, 77, 104016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104016
Paoli, C., Vassallo, P., Dapueto, G., Fanciulli, G., Massa, F., Venturini, S., & Povero, P. (2017). The economic revenues and the emergy costs of cruise tourism. Journal of Cleaner Production, 166, 1462-1478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.130
Rodrigue, J. P., & Notteboom, T. (2013). The geography of cruises: Itineraries, not destinations. Applied Geography, 38, 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.11.011
Simonsen, M., Gössling, S., & Walnum, H. J. (2019). Cruise ship emissions in Norwegian waters: A geographical analysis. Journal of Transport Geography, 78, 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.05.014
Statista. (2022). Projected size of the global river cruise ship market from 2018 to 2027. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1119639/size-of-the-river-cruise-ship-market-worldwide
Sun, X., Xu, M., Lau, Y. Y., & Gauri, D. K. (2019). Cruisers’ satisfaction with shore experience: An empirical study on a China-Japan itinerary. Ocean & Coastal Management, 181, 104867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104867
Tikkanen, A. (2022). Gulf of Tonkin. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Gulf-of-Tonkin
Tomej, K., & Lund-Durlacher, D. (2020). Research note: River cruise characteristics from a destination management perspective. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 30, 100301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2020.100301
Tsiotas, D., & Polyzos, S. (2015). Analyzing the maritime transportation system in Greece: A complex network approach. Networks and Spatial Economics, 15(4), 981-1010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-014-9278-y
Tsiotas, D., Niavis, S., & Sdrolias, L. (2018). Operational and geographical dynamics of ports in the topology of cruise networks: The case of Mediterranean. Journal of Transport Geography, 72, 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.08.001
Van Balen, M., Dooms, M., & Haezendonck, E. (2014). River tourism development: The case of the port of Brussels. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 13, 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2014.10.014
Weaver, D. B., & Lawton, L. J. (2017). The cruise shorescape as contested tourism space: Evidence from the warm-water pleasure periphery. Tourism Management Perspectives, 24, 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.08.003
Xie, G., Qian, Y., & Wang, S. (2021). Forecasting Chinese cruise tourism demand with big data: An optimized machine learning approach. Tourism Management, 82, 104208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104208
Zhou, J., Chen, S. L., & Shi, W. (2022). The concept of the cruise supply chain and its characteristics: An empirical study of China's cruise industry. Maritime Business Review, 7(3), 196-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104208
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Maritime Technology and Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0