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1. บทความทุกบทความจะได้รับการพิจารณาจากผู้ทรงคุณวุฒิ (Peer review) ที่ตรงตามสาขาวิชา โดยทุกบทความจะต้องผ่านการพิจารณาจากผู้ทรงคุณวุฒิ อย่างน้อยบทความละ 3 ท่าน
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4. บทความที่ส่งถึงกองบรรณาธิการ ขอสงวนสิทธิ์จะไม่ส่งคืน
Rohingya Crisis: the Reflection of the Role of Regional Human Rights Protection in Southeast Asia
Keywords:
Rohingya, Human Rights, ASEAN, International Human Rights MechanismsAbstract
Rohingya is a Muslim ethnic minority group settled down in Arakan State or Rakhine in Myanmar. For many years, Rohingya people have been encountered discriminatory deprivation of human rights and numerous waves of religious tension and ethnic violence. Myanmar government has not recognized them as its nationals. They have become stateless and been seeking to refuge from Myanmar to Southeast Asian neighboring countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. The Southeast Asian countries of Rohingya’s destination have been in a quandary about this issue.
This article is intended to find out why the Rohingya is not recognized as Myanmar citizens and to examine the role of human rights protection mechanisms of both internationally and especially regionally of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in safeguarding human rights for the stateless Rohingya minority group. It is found that the Rohingya has not been legally recognized to be the citizen of Myanmar by the 1982 Citizenship Law. This subject matter has been the historical consequence since the colonial era that it was annexed and administered as a province of British India. The efforts of human rights protection of the global community and ASEAN for the Rohingya have been handicapped. It is because the government of Myanmar has neither signed nor ratified any international human rights laws. Moreover, ASEAN regional human rights body might be recently established but it is ineffective because of ASEAN’s tradition of non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
References
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Balazo, Patrick. (2015). Truth & Rights: Statelessness, Human Rights, and the Rohingya. Undercurrent Journal. 11(1): 6-13.
Bangkok Post. (2009, February 4). Burma refuses to accept Rohingya. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.bangkokpost.com/archive/rohingya-illegal-immigrants-status-confirm/136236
BBC. (2009, January 17). Thailand's deadly treatment of migrants. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7834075.stm
Bellamy, Alex J., & Wheeler, Nicholas J. (2011). Humanitarian intervention in world politics. In The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. John Baylis, Steve Smith & Patricia Owens (Eds.). pp.510–525. 5th Edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brooten, Lisa. (2015, May 7). Blind Spots in Human Rights Coverage: Framing Violence against the Rohingya in Myanmar/Burma. Popular Communication. 13(2): 132-144.
European Commission. (2017, May). The Rohingya crisis. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/rohingya_en.pdf
Farzana, Kazi Fahmida. (2015). Boundaries in Shaping the Rohingya Identity and the Shifting Context of Borderland Politics. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism. 15(2): 292-311.
Gaughran, Audrey. (2017, September 29). Rohingya Fleeing Myanmar Face Difficulties in Thailand. Retrieved October 20, 2017, from https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/rohingya-fleeing-myanmar-face-difficulties-in-thailand/
Gamez, Kimberly Ramos. (2017). Examining the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR): The Case Study of the Rohingya Crisis. Dissertation, Ph.D. Retrieved March 27, 2018, from https://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=142893
Grundy-Warr, Carl. & Wong, Elaine. (1997). Sanctuary under a plastic sheet–the unresolved problem of Rohingya refugees. IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin. 5(3): 79-91. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.mcrg.ac.in/WC_2015/Reading/D_Unresolved_Problem_Rohingya_Refugees.pdf
Islam, Serajul Islam. (2007). State terrorism in Arakan. In A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia. Andrew T.H. Tan (Ed). pp. 325-351. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Khin Maung Kyi. (1993). Indians in Burma: Problems of an Alien Subculture in a highly integrated society. In Indian Communities in Southeast Asia. Kernial Singh Sandhu & A. Mani (Eds). pp. 624-665. Singapore: Times Academic Press and Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Khin Muang Saw. (1994). The “Rohingyas”, who are they? The origin of the name “Rohingya”. In Tradition and modernity in Myanmar: proceedings of an international conference held in Berlin from May 7th to May 9th. Uta Gärtner & Jens Lorenz (Eds). pp. 89-100. Münster: LIT.
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Lintner, Bertil (1999). Burma in revolt: opium and insurgency since 1948. 2nd Edn. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Masilamani, Logan & Peterson, Jimmy. (2014, October 15). The “ASEAN Way”: The Structural Underpinnings of Constructive Engagement. Foreign Policy Journal. 1-21. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/141015-Masilamani-Peterson-ASEAN.pdf
Mya Than (1997). The ethnic Chinese in Myanmar and their identity. In Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians. Leo Suryadinata (Ed), pp. 115–146. Singapore: Institution of Southeast Asian Studies.
Mya Than. (2005). Myanmar in ASEAN: regional cooperation experience. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Nordin, Rohaida; Maliki, Dayang Faizah bt Awang; Masrur, Devica Rully & Hashemi, Hamed. (2016, December). ASEAN Human Rights Dilemma: The Plight of the Rohingyas in Myanmar. The Law Review. 590-606. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313566307_ASEAN_Human_Rights_Dilemma_The_
Plight_of_the_Rohingyas_in_Myanmar
Nyi Nyi Kyaw. (2008, January-February). Rohingya Muslim: Myanmar’s forgotten. Consortium of Non-Traditional Security Study in Asia. (9): 2–4. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/NL080101_NTS_Asia_Newsletter_09.pdf
Online Burma Library. (1982, October 9). General Ne Win's speech on 8 October 1982. Retrieved September 29, 2017, from https://www.burmalibrary.org/show.php?cat=1776
Rehman, Javaid. (2003). International Human Rights Law: a Practical Approach. New York: Longman.
Reuters. (2016, December 1). Malaysia cancels two football matches with Myanmar over Rohingya crackdown.
Retrieved August 3, 2017, from https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-myanmar-rohingya-malaysia-idUKKBN13Q3E6
Rivers, Dan. (2011, January 26). Fate of refugees in Thailand in question. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/01/26/thailand.refugees/index.html
Shapcott, Richard. (2011). International Ethics. In The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. John Baylis, Steve Smith & Patricia Owens (Eds.). pp.196–211. 5th Edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Silverstein, Josef (1997). Fifty years of failure in Burma. In Government policies and ethnic relations in Asia and the Pacific. Michael E. Brown & Šumit Ganguly (Eds). pp. 167–196. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Sipalan, Joseph. (2016, November 23). Malaysia debates pulling out of soccer cup over Myanmar's Rohingya crackdown. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-malaysia-soccer-idUSKBN13I0XG
Smith, Alan (2005). Burma/Myanmar: The Struggle for Democracy and Ethnic Rights. In Multiculturalism in Asia. He Will Kymlicka & Baogang He (Eds), pp. 262–287. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Smith, Rhona (2007). Textbook on international human rights. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Southwick, Katherine. (2015). Preventing Mass Atrocities against the Stateless Rohingya in Myanmar: A Call for Solutions. Journal of International Affairs. 68(2): 137-150.
Thom, Graham. (2016). The May 2015 boat crisis: the Rohingya in Aceh. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Journal. 8(2): 43-61.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (1982, October 30). Burma Citizenship Law. Retrieved September 29, 2017, from https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4f71b.html
UN News Center. (2017, February 3). UN report details 'devastating cruelty' against Rohingya population in Myanmar's Rakhine province. Retrieved July 29, 2017, from https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56103#.WXwLBBX5gdW
VOA News. (2017, February 9). Malaysian Aid for Myanmar's Rohingya Arrives at Yangon Dock. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.voanews.com/a/malaysian-aid-myanmar-rohingya-arrives-yangon-dock/3717308.html
Xiong, Guo & Han, David. (2015, May 28). Rohingya Refugee Crisis: Testing Malaysia’s ASEAN Chairmanship. RSIS Commentary. (128): 1-3. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/CO15128.pdf
Yadav, Rashi. (2017, January 14). ASEAN Fragmented on Rohingya Crisis. Retrieved July 30, 2017, from https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/ao-blog-post/asean-fragmented-on-rohingya-crisis/
Zawacki, Benjamin. (2013). Defining Myanmar's "Rohingya Problem. Human Rights Brief 20. (3):18-25.
Arraiza, José-María. (2017, June). Re-imagining Myanmar citizenship in times of transition. Statelessness Working Paper Series. No. 2017/01. Retrieved July 29, 2017, from https://www.institutesi.org/WP2017_01.pdf
ASEAN. (2008). The ASEAN Charter. Retrieved July 29, 2017, from https://asean.org/wpcontent/uploads/images/archive/publications/ASEAN-Charter.pdf
Aye Chan. (2005). The development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 3(2): 396–419. Retrieved August 1, 2017, from https://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64388.pdf
Bajoria, Jayshree (2013, June 12). The Dilemma of Humanitarian Intervention. Retrieved August 3, 2017, from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/dilemma-humanitarian-intervention
Balazo, Patrick. (2015). Truth & Rights: Statelessness, Human Rights, and the Rohingya. Undercurrent Journal. 11(1): 6-13.
Bangkok Post. (2009, February 4). Burma refuses to accept Rohingya. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.bangkokpost.com/archive/rohingya-illegal-immigrants-status-confirm/136236
BBC. (2009, January 17). Thailand's deadly treatment of migrants. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7834075.stm
Bellamy, Alex J., & Wheeler, Nicholas J. (2011). Humanitarian intervention in world politics. In The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. John Baylis, Steve Smith & Patricia Owens (Eds.). pp.510–525. 5th Edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brooten, Lisa. (2015, May 7). Blind Spots in Human Rights Coverage: Framing Violence against the Rohingya in Myanmar/Burma. Popular Communication. 13(2): 132-144.
European Commission. (2017, May). The Rohingya crisis. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/rohingya_en.pdf
Farzana, Kazi Fahmida. (2015). Boundaries in Shaping the Rohingya Identity and the Shifting Context of Borderland Politics. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism. 15(2): 292-311.
Gaughran, Audrey. (2017, September 29). Rohingya Fleeing Myanmar Face Difficulties in Thailand. Retrieved October 20, 2017, from https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/rohingya-fleeing-myanmar-face-difficulties-in-thailand/
Gamez, Kimberly Ramos. (2017). Examining the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR): The Case Study of the Rohingya Crisis. Dissertation, Ph.D. Retrieved March 27, 2018, from https://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=142893
Grundy-Warr, Carl. & Wong, Elaine. (1997). Sanctuary under a plastic sheet–the unresolved problem of Rohingya refugees. IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin. 5(3): 79-91. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.mcrg.ac.in/WC_2015/Reading/D_Unresolved_Problem_Rohingya_Refugees.pdf
Islam, Serajul Islam. (2007). State terrorism in Arakan. In A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia. Andrew T.H. Tan (Ed). pp. 325-351. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Khin Maung Kyi. (1993). Indians in Burma: Problems of an Alien Subculture in a highly integrated society. In Indian Communities in Southeast Asia. Kernial Singh Sandhu & A. Mani (Eds). pp. 624-665. Singapore: Times Academic Press and Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Khin Muang Saw. (1994). The “Rohingyas”, who are they? The origin of the name “Rohingya”. In Tradition and modernity in Myanmar: proceedings of an international conference held in Berlin from May 7th to May 9th. Uta Gärtner & Jens Lorenz (Eds). pp. 89-100. Münster: LIT.
Latiff, Rozanna. (2017, February 3). Malaysian PM sends aid for Muslim Rohingyas in Myanmar. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-malaysia-idUSKBN15I14D
Lintner, Bertil (1999). Burma in revolt: opium and insurgency since 1948. 2nd Edn. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Masilamani, Logan & Peterson, Jimmy. (2014, October 15). The “ASEAN Way”: The Structural Underpinnings of Constructive Engagement. Foreign Policy Journal. 1-21. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/141015-Masilamani-Peterson-ASEAN.pdf
Mya Than (1997). The ethnic Chinese in Myanmar and their identity. In Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians. Leo Suryadinata (Ed), pp. 115–146. Singapore: Institution of Southeast Asian Studies.
Mya Than. (2005). Myanmar in ASEAN: regional cooperation experience. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Nordin, Rohaida; Maliki, Dayang Faizah bt Awang; Masrur, Devica Rully & Hashemi, Hamed. (2016, December). ASEAN Human Rights Dilemma: The Plight of the Rohingyas in Myanmar. The Law Review. 590-606. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313566307_ASEAN_Human_Rights_Dilemma_The_
Plight_of_the_Rohingyas_in_Myanmar
Nyi Nyi Kyaw. (2008, January-February). Rohingya Muslim: Myanmar’s forgotten. Consortium of Non-Traditional Security Study in Asia. (9): 2–4. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/NL080101_NTS_Asia_Newsletter_09.pdf
Online Burma Library. (1982, October 9). General Ne Win's speech on 8 October 1982. Retrieved September 29, 2017, from https://www.burmalibrary.org/show.php?cat=1776
Rehman, Javaid. (2003). International Human Rights Law: a Practical Approach. New York: Longman.
Reuters. (2016, December 1). Malaysia cancels two football matches with Myanmar over Rohingya crackdown.
Retrieved August 3, 2017, from https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-myanmar-rohingya-malaysia-idUKKBN13Q3E6
Rivers, Dan. (2011, January 26). Fate of refugees in Thailand in question. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/01/26/thailand.refugees/index.html
Shapcott, Richard. (2011). International Ethics. In The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. John Baylis, Steve Smith & Patricia Owens (Eds.). pp.196–211. 5th Edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Silverstein, Josef (1997). Fifty years of failure in Burma. In Government policies and ethnic relations in Asia and the Pacific. Michael E. Brown & Šumit Ganguly (Eds). pp. 167–196. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Sipalan, Joseph. (2016, November 23). Malaysia debates pulling out of soccer cup over Myanmar's Rohingya crackdown. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-malaysia-soccer-idUSKBN13I0XG
Smith, Alan (2005). Burma/Myanmar: The Struggle for Democracy and Ethnic Rights. In Multiculturalism in Asia. He Will Kymlicka & Baogang He (Eds), pp. 262–287. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Smith, Rhona (2007). Textbook on international human rights. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Southwick, Katherine. (2015). Preventing Mass Atrocities against the Stateless Rohingya in Myanmar: A Call for Solutions. Journal of International Affairs. 68(2): 137-150.
Thom, Graham. (2016). The May 2015 boat crisis: the Rohingya in Aceh. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Journal. 8(2): 43-61.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (1982, October 30). Burma Citizenship Law. Retrieved September 29, 2017, from https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4f71b.html
UN News Center. (2017, February 3). UN report details 'devastating cruelty' against Rohingya population in Myanmar's Rakhine province. Retrieved July 29, 2017, from https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56103#.WXwLBBX5gdW
VOA News. (2017, February 9). Malaysian Aid for Myanmar's Rohingya Arrives at Yangon Dock. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.voanews.com/a/malaysian-aid-myanmar-rohingya-arrives-yangon-dock/3717308.html
Xiong, Guo & Han, David. (2015, May 28). Rohingya Refugee Crisis: Testing Malaysia’s ASEAN Chairmanship. RSIS Commentary. (128): 1-3. Retrieved July 27, 2017, from https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/CO15128.pdf
Yadav, Rashi. (2017, January 14). ASEAN Fragmented on Rohingya Crisis. Retrieved July 30, 2017, from https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/ao-blog-post/asean-fragmented-on-rohingya-crisis/
Zawacki, Benjamin. (2013). Defining Myanmar's "Rohingya Problem. Human Rights Brief 20. (3):18-25.
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2018-11-14
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บทความวิชาการ (Academic Article)
