From Colonial Pluralism to Postcolonial Multiculturalism: Preliminary Observations on Ethnicity and Citizenship in Malay Worlds
Keywords:
Multiculturalism, Pluralism, Malay world, Ethnic relations, CitizenshipAbstract
In Malay worlds, multiculturalism is a historical problem conditioned by colonial racial knowledge and state formation. In this sense, the perception of multiculturalism is based on a legacy of colonial’s racial categories. Furnivall’s idea of “plural societies” gave us an understanding of ethnic diversity in Southeast Asia in the colonial context, expressed in the phrase “mix but do not combine”. This essay examines the conditions of multiculturalism which play out in the Malay world, which has been touched by the construction of knowledge on diversity from colonial pluralism to post-colonial multiculturalism. Today this condition is called “normative multiculturalism” which is a technology of power for manipulating diversities using the idea of race, ethnic relations and citizenship.
References
Alatas, Syed Hussein. 1977. The Myth of the Lazy Native: A Study of the Image of the Malays, Filipinos and Javanese from the 16th to the 20th
Century and Its Function in the Ideology of Colonial Capitalism. London,
UK: Frank Cass.
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London, UK: Verso.
Asad, Talal (ed.). 1973. Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter. New York, NY: Humanities Press.
Embong, Abdul Rahman. 2001. “The Culture and Pratice of Pluralism in Postcolonial Malaysia”, in Robert W. Hefner (ed.), The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Furnivall, John Sydenham. 1948. Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nation and Nationalism. Ithaca. NY: Cornell University Press.
Go, Julian. 2004. “Racism” and Colonialism: Meanings of Difference and Ruling Practices in America’s Pacific Empire’. Qualitative Sociology 27: 35-58.
Goh, Daniel P. S. 2007. ‘States of Ethnography: Colonialism, Resistance and Cultural Transcription in Malaya and the Philippines, 1890s-1930s.’
Comparative Studies in Society and History 49: 109-42.
Golomb, Louis. 1978. Brokers of Morality: Thai Ethnic Adaptation
in a Rural Malaysian Setting. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii.
Gouda, Frances. 1995. Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the
Netherlands Indies, 1900-1942. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Gunew, Sneja. 2001. “Postcolonialism and Multiculturalism: Between Race and Ethnicity” in Madelein Danova (ed.), Essays in American Studies: Cross-cultural Perspectives, pp: 85-106. Polis: Sofia Bulgaria.
Gunew, Sneja. 2004. Haunted Nations: The Colonial Dimensions of
Multiculturalisms. London, UK: Routledge.
Hadiz Vedi R. 2001. “Mirroring the Past or Reflecting the Future?: Class and Religious Pluralism in Indonesian Labor”, in Robert W. Hefner (ed.), The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Hall, Stuart 1996. ‘When Was “The Post-Colonial”? Thinking at the Limit’, in Iain Chambers and Lidia (ed.), The Post-Colonial Question: Common Skies, Divided Horizons, pp. 242-60.
Hefner, Robert W. 2000a. Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hefner, Robert W. 2000b. “Muslim-Christian Violence and the Future of
Indonesia”, Paper presented at the First Annual Meeting of Asian Studies
in Oslo, Norway, June 5.
Hefner, Robert W. 2001. “Introduction: Multiculturalism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia”, in Robert W. Hefner (ed.), The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Hirschman, Charles. 1987. “The Meaning and Measurement of Ethnicity in Malaysia: An Analysis of Census Classifications”, Journal of Asian Studies 46: 555-82.
Johnson, Irving Chan. 2008. “The Mobility of Stories and the Expansive Spaces of Kelantanese Thai Religiosity”, in Michael J. Montesano and Patrick Jory (eds.), Thai South and Malay North: Ethnic Interactions on a Plural Peninsula, pp. 304-326. Singapore: NUS Press.
Kymlicka, Will. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship: a Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
________. 1998. “Multicultural Citizenship”, in Gershon Shafir (ed.),
The Citizenship Debates, pp. 167-88. Minneapolis, MN: University of
Minnesota Press.
________. 2001. Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism,
and Citizenship. Oxford, UK and New York: Oxford University Press.
Kymlicka, Will and Baogang He. 2005. Multiculturalism in Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Leach, E. R. 1954. Political Systems of Highland Burma. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Levy, Jacob T. 2000. The Multiculturalism of Fear. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
May, Stephen. 2002. “Multiculturalism”, in David Theo Goldberg and John Solomos (eds.), A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies. Oxford, UK:
Blackwell Publishers.
Milne, R. S. and Diane K. Mauzy. 1999. Malaysian Politics under Mahathir. London: Routledge.
Modood, Tariq. 2000. “Anti-Essentialism, Multiculturalism, and the
‘Recognition’ of Religious Groups”, in Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman
(ed.), Citizenship in Diverse Societies, pp. 175-195. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Omi, Michael and Howard Winant. 1994. Racial Formation in the United States. New York, NY: Routledge. (2nd edition).
Parekh, Bhiku. 1991. “British Citizenship and Cultural Difference”, in Geoff Andrewsed (ed.), Citizenship, pp. 183-204. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
Pels, Peter and Oscar Salemink (eds.). 1999. Colonial Subjects: Essays on the Practical History of Anthropology. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Rosaldo, Renato. 2003. Cultural Citizenship in Island Southeast Asia: Nation and Belonging in the Hinterlands. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rex, John. 1994. “The Second Project of Ethnicity: Transnational Migrant
Communities and Ethnic Minorities in Modern Multicultural Societies”,
Innovation 7: 207-17.
________. 1997. “The Concept of a Multicultural Society”, in Montserrat
Guibernau and John Rex (ed.), The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism,
Multiculturalism and Migration, pp. 206-20. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
________. 2004. “Pluralism and Multiculturalism in Colonial and Post-colonial Society”, in John Rex and Gurharpal Singh (eds.), Governance in
Multicultural Societies, pp. 134-43. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
Said, Edward W. 1993. Culture and Imperialism. New York, NY: Random House.
Stoler, Ann Laura. 1989. “Rethinking Colonial Categories: European Communities and Boundaries of Rule”, Comparative Studies in Society and History 31(1): 122-141.
Sulistiyo, Hermawan. 2001. “Green in Rainbow: Ethnoreligious Issues and the Indonesia Armed Forces”, in Robert W. Hefner (ed.), The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and
Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Taylor, Charles 1994. “The Politics of Recognition”, in Amy Gutmann (ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, pp. 25-73.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Vickers, Adrian. 2004. “The Classics in Indonesian Studies: J.S. Furnivall’s
Netherlands India”, Paper delivered at the 15th Biennial conference of the Asian Studies Association of Australia, in Canberra, 29 June-2 July 2004.
Watson, C. W. 2000. Multiculturalism. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
Willford, Andrew C. and Kenneth M. George (eds.). 2005. Spirited Politics: Religion and Public Life in Contemporary Southeast Asia. Ithaca.
NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program.
Winzeler, Robert L. 1985. Ethnic Relations in Kelantan: A Study of the
Chinese and Thai as Ethnic Minorities in a Malay State. Singapore:
Oxford University Press.
Century and Its Function in the Ideology of Colonial Capitalism. London,
UK: Frank Cass.
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London, UK: Verso.
Asad, Talal (ed.). 1973. Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter. New York, NY: Humanities Press.
Embong, Abdul Rahman. 2001. “The Culture and Pratice of Pluralism in Postcolonial Malaysia”, in Robert W. Hefner (ed.), The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Furnivall, John Sydenham. 1948. Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nation and Nationalism. Ithaca. NY: Cornell University Press.
Go, Julian. 2004. “Racism” and Colonialism: Meanings of Difference and Ruling Practices in America’s Pacific Empire’. Qualitative Sociology 27: 35-58.
Goh, Daniel P. S. 2007. ‘States of Ethnography: Colonialism, Resistance and Cultural Transcription in Malaya and the Philippines, 1890s-1930s.’
Comparative Studies in Society and History 49: 109-42.
Golomb, Louis. 1978. Brokers of Morality: Thai Ethnic Adaptation
in a Rural Malaysian Setting. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii.
Gouda, Frances. 1995. Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the
Netherlands Indies, 1900-1942. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Gunew, Sneja. 2001. “Postcolonialism and Multiculturalism: Between Race and Ethnicity” in Madelein Danova (ed.), Essays in American Studies: Cross-cultural Perspectives, pp: 85-106. Polis: Sofia Bulgaria.
Gunew, Sneja. 2004. Haunted Nations: The Colonial Dimensions of
Multiculturalisms. London, UK: Routledge.
Hadiz Vedi R. 2001. “Mirroring the Past or Reflecting the Future?: Class and Religious Pluralism in Indonesian Labor”, in Robert W. Hefner (ed.), The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Hall, Stuart 1996. ‘When Was “The Post-Colonial”? Thinking at the Limit’, in Iain Chambers and Lidia (ed.), The Post-Colonial Question: Common Skies, Divided Horizons, pp. 242-60.
Hefner, Robert W. 2000a. Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hefner, Robert W. 2000b. “Muslim-Christian Violence and the Future of
Indonesia”, Paper presented at the First Annual Meeting of Asian Studies
in Oslo, Norway, June 5.
Hefner, Robert W. 2001. “Introduction: Multiculturalism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia”, in Robert W. Hefner (ed.), The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Hirschman, Charles. 1987. “The Meaning and Measurement of Ethnicity in Malaysia: An Analysis of Census Classifications”, Journal of Asian Studies 46: 555-82.
Johnson, Irving Chan. 2008. “The Mobility of Stories and the Expansive Spaces of Kelantanese Thai Religiosity”, in Michael J. Montesano and Patrick Jory (eds.), Thai South and Malay North: Ethnic Interactions on a Plural Peninsula, pp. 304-326. Singapore: NUS Press.
Kymlicka, Will. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship: a Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
________. 1998. “Multicultural Citizenship”, in Gershon Shafir (ed.),
The Citizenship Debates, pp. 167-88. Minneapolis, MN: University of
Minnesota Press.
________. 2001. Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism,
and Citizenship. Oxford, UK and New York: Oxford University Press.
Kymlicka, Will and Baogang He. 2005. Multiculturalism in Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Leach, E. R. 1954. Political Systems of Highland Burma. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Levy, Jacob T. 2000. The Multiculturalism of Fear. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
May, Stephen. 2002. “Multiculturalism”, in David Theo Goldberg and John Solomos (eds.), A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies. Oxford, UK:
Blackwell Publishers.
Milne, R. S. and Diane K. Mauzy. 1999. Malaysian Politics under Mahathir. London: Routledge.
Modood, Tariq. 2000. “Anti-Essentialism, Multiculturalism, and the
‘Recognition’ of Religious Groups”, in Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman
(ed.), Citizenship in Diverse Societies, pp. 175-195. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Omi, Michael and Howard Winant. 1994. Racial Formation in the United States. New York, NY: Routledge. (2nd edition).
Parekh, Bhiku. 1991. “British Citizenship and Cultural Difference”, in Geoff Andrewsed (ed.), Citizenship, pp. 183-204. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
Pels, Peter and Oscar Salemink (eds.). 1999. Colonial Subjects: Essays on the Practical History of Anthropology. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Rosaldo, Renato. 2003. Cultural Citizenship in Island Southeast Asia: Nation and Belonging in the Hinterlands. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rex, John. 1994. “The Second Project of Ethnicity: Transnational Migrant
Communities and Ethnic Minorities in Modern Multicultural Societies”,
Innovation 7: 207-17.
________. 1997. “The Concept of a Multicultural Society”, in Montserrat
Guibernau and John Rex (ed.), The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism,
Multiculturalism and Migration, pp. 206-20. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
________. 2004. “Pluralism and Multiculturalism in Colonial and Post-colonial Society”, in John Rex and Gurharpal Singh (eds.), Governance in
Multicultural Societies, pp. 134-43. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
Said, Edward W. 1993. Culture and Imperialism. New York, NY: Random House.
Stoler, Ann Laura. 1989. “Rethinking Colonial Categories: European Communities and Boundaries of Rule”, Comparative Studies in Society and History 31(1): 122-141.
Sulistiyo, Hermawan. 2001. “Green in Rainbow: Ethnoreligious Issues and the Indonesia Armed Forces”, in Robert W. Hefner (ed.), The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and
Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Taylor, Charles 1994. “The Politics of Recognition”, in Amy Gutmann (ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, pp. 25-73.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Vickers, Adrian. 2004. “The Classics in Indonesian Studies: J.S. Furnivall’s
Netherlands India”, Paper delivered at the 15th Biennial conference of the Asian Studies Association of Australia, in Canberra, 29 June-2 July 2004.
Watson, C. W. 2000. Multiculturalism. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
Willford, Andrew C. and Kenneth M. George (eds.). 2005. Spirited Politics: Religion and Public Life in Contemporary Southeast Asia. Ithaca.
NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program.
Winzeler, Robert L. 1985. Ethnic Relations in Kelantan: A Study of the
Chinese and Thai as Ethnic Minorities in a Malay State. Singapore:
Oxford University Press.
Downloads
Published
2019-02-17
How to Cite
เอี่ยมเอื้อยุทธ ศรยุทธ. 2019. “From Colonial Pluralism to Postcolonial Multiculturalism: Preliminary Observations on Ethnicity and Citizenship in Malay Worlds”. Social Sciences Academic Journal, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University 25 (2):171-203. https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jss/article/view/172928.
Issue
Section
Academic Articles
License
All written articles published on Journal of Social Sciences is its author’s opinion which is not belonged to Social Sciences Faculty, Chiang Mai University or is not in a responsibility of the journal’s editorial committee’s members.
