The Predicament of Ethnicity
Keywords:
Charles F. Keyes, ethnicity, primordial attachment, nation-state, mainland Southeast AsiaAbstract
This article explores the historical configuration of ethnicity as a conceptual tool developed by Charles F. Keyes to understand the complex differences of human beings. Central to his contribution to ethnic studies is the attempt to problematize the notion of ethnicity. Far from being clear and definite, ethnicity has been rendered ambiguous, ambivalent and incommensurate, particularly when it is used to understand the relationships between identity, culture, and nation-state. While Weber, Geertz, Leach, and Bourdieu have shaped Keyes’s early interest in ethnicity, his later work has been influenced by Foucault in an attempt to unravel the logic of ethnic classification and to trace the genealogy of ethnicity within the context of the modern nation-state. Despite its ambivalence, ethnicity continues to be the fundamental stream of Keyes’s thinking to study the dynamics of social change. The paper ends by pointing out some of the limitations in Keyes’s approach to ethnicity that remains a challenge for students of contemporary ethnic studies.
References
ภาษาไทย
ฉวีวรรณ ประจวบเหมาะ (2547) “ทบทวนแนวทางการศึกษาชาติพันธ์ุข้ามยุคสมัยกับการศึกษาในสังคมไทย” ว่าด้วยแนวทางการศึกษาชาติพันธ์ุ กรุงเทพฯ:ศูนย์มานุษยวิทยาสิรินธร
สุเทพ สุนทรเภสัช (2548) ชาติพันธ์ุสัมพันธ์: แนวคิดพื้นฐานทางมานุษยวิทยาในการศึกษาอัตลักษณ์กลุ่มชาติพันธ์ุ ประชาชาติ และการจัดองค์กรความสัมพันธ์ทางชาติพันธ์ุ กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักพิมพ์เมืองโบราณ
ภาษาอังกฤษ
Anderson, Benedict (1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso Banton, Michael (1983) Racial and Ethnic Competition. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.
Chatterjee, Partha (1993) The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Cliffort, James (1983) “On ethnographic authority,” Representations, 1.2: 118-46
Clifford, James (1997) Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century, Massachusetts: Harvarnd Univesity Press.
Clifford, James and George Marcus (eds.) (1986) Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cohn, B.S., and N.B. Dirks (1988) “Beyond the fringe: the nation state, colonialism, and the techonologies of power,” Journal of Historical Sociology 12: 224-29.
DeVos, George (1975) “Ethnic pluralism: conflict and accomodation,” In Ethnic Identity: Cultural Continuities and Change, ed. George DeVos and Lola Romanucci-Ross. Palo Alto, Calif.: Mayfield Publishing.
E.K. Francis (1978) Interethnic Relations. New York: Free Press.
Fischer, Michael (1986) “Ethnicity and the post-modern arts of memory,” in Clifford and Marcus (eds.) Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley: University of California Press, Pp.194-233.
Foucault, Michael (1984) “Nietzsche, Geneology, and History,” In Paul Rabinow (ed.) The Foucault Reader. New York: Pantheon. Pp.76-100
Freire-Marreco, Barbara and John Linton Myres (eds.) (1912) Notes and queries on anthropology, London.
Furnivall, J.S. (1956) Colonial Policy and Practice. New York: New York University Press.
Geertz, Clifford (1963) “The integrative revolution: primordial sentiments and civil politics in the new states,” In Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa, Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
________. [1973] (1993) The Interpretation of Cultures, London: Fontana Press.
________. (1996) “Primordial ties,” in John Hutchinson and Anthony Smith (eds.) Ethnicity, Oxford: Oxfor University Press, Pp.40-45.
Gellner, Ernest (1983) Nation and Nationalism, Oxford: Blackwell.
Gordon, C. (1987) “The Soul of the Citizen: Max Weber and Michel Foucault on Rationality and Government,” In S. Lash and S. Whimster (eds.) Max Weber, Rationality and Society, London: Allen and Lawin.
Guibernau, Montserrat and John Rex (eds.) (1997) The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gupta, Akhil (1992) “The song of the nonalinged world: transnational identities and the reinscription of space in late capitalism,” Cultural Anthropology, 9(1): 63-79
Gupta, Akhil and James Ferguson (eds.) (1992) Culture, Power and Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology, Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Hetchter, Michael (1986) “A rational choice approach to race and ethnic relations,” in D. Mason and J. Rex (eds.) Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations (reprinted by permission of the author , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kaplan, Caren, Norma Alarcón and Minoo Moallem (eds.) (1999) Between Women and Nation, Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Keyes, Charles F. (1966) “Ethnic identity and loyalty of villagers in northeastern Thailand,” Asian Survey, V.VI, No.7, July.
________. (1976) “Towards a New Formulation of the Concept of Ethnic Group,” Ethnicity 3: 202-213.
________. (1979) “The Karen in Thai history and the history of Karen in Thailand,” In Ethnic Adaptation and Identity: The Karen on the Thai Frontier with Burma, Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues (ISHI).
________. (1981) “The dialectics of ethnic change,” In Ethnic Change, Seattle: University of Washington Press.
________. (1984) “The basic of ethnic group relations in modern nation-states,”A paper presented at a symposium on “Contemporary Ethnic Processes in the USA and the USSR, New Orleans, April 14-16.
________. (1992) Who Are the Lue Revisited? Ethnic Identity in Laos, Thailand, and China. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Center for International Studies, Working Paper.
________. (1994) The Nation-state and the politics of indigenous minorities: reflections on ethnic insurgency in Burma, A paper presented at a conference on “Tribal Minorities and the State,” organized by the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation in Istanbul, February 21-25
________. (1995) “Who are the Tai? reflections on the invention of local, ethnic and national identities,” Ethnic Identity: Creation Conflict, and Accommodation. Lola Romanucci-Ross and George A. De Vos, eds. Third Edition. Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira Press, 1995. Pp. 136-60.
________. (1997) “Etnnic groups, ethnicity,” In The Balckwell Dictionary of Anthropology, ed. Thomas J. Barfield, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
________. (2002a) “Weber and anthropology,” Annual Review of Anthropology, Oct , V.31, Pp.233-255.
________. (2002b) “Presidential address: “The peoples of Asia”—science and politics in the classification of ethnic groups in Thailand, China, and Vietnam,” The Journal of Asian Studies, 61(4) November: 1163-1203.
Leach, E. R. (1954) Political System of Highland Burma, Cambridge: Havard University Press.
Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1953) Social Structure, In A. L. Kroeber (ed.) Anthropology Today, (Pp.524-553), Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Marcus, George and Fisher (1986) Anthropology as Cultural Critique : An Ex-perimental Moment in the Human Sciences, Chicago and London : The University of Chicago Press.
Moerman, Michael (1965) “Ethnic identity in a complex civilization: who are the Lue?” American Anthropologist, 67: 1215-1230.
_______. (1968) “Being Lue: uses and abuses of ethnic identification,” in Essays on the Problem of Tribe, Proceedings of the 1967 Annual Spring Meeting of the American Ethnological Society. June Helm, ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press, Proceedings of the 1967 Annual Spring
Meeting of the American Ethnological Society, Pp.153-69.
Morgan, Lewis Henry [1878] (1985) Ancient Society, Tuscon: University of Arizona Press.
Naroll, Raoul (1964) “On ethnic unit classifcation,” Current Anthropology, 5: 283-291,306-312.
_______. “Who the Lue are,” in Essays on the Problem of Tribe, Proceedings of the 1967 Annual Spring Meeting of the American Ethnological Society. June Helm, ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press, Proceedings of the 1967 Annual Spring Meeting of the American Ethnological Society, Pp.72-82.
Ravillos, Raymundo (2006) “Defining UP Baguio’s Niche/s,” a paper read during the U.P. Baguio Faculty Conference held on January 30-31, 2006 at the Ridgewood Residence, Pacdal Road, Baguio City.
Saldivar-Hull, Sonia (2000) “Mestiza Consciousness and Politic: Gloria Anzaldúa’s Borderlands/La Frontera, In her Femenism on the Border: Chicana Gender Politics and Literature, Berkerley: University of California Press.
Schiller, Nina Glick, Linda Basch, and Cristina Blanc-Szanton (eds.) (1992) Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity, and Nationalism Reconsidered, New York: New York Academy of Science.
Shils, Edward (1957) Personal, primordial, sacred, and civil ties. British Journal of Sociology 8: 130-145
Tönnies, F. [1887] (1963) Community and Society, (translated by C.P. Loomis), New York: Harper and Row.
Vail, Leroy (ed.) (1989) The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa, Berkeley: University of California Press.
van den Berghe, Pierre L. (1978) “Race and ethnicity: a sociobiological perspective,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 1: 401-11.
Weber, Max [1922], (1968) Economy and Society, University of California Press, Los Angeles.
Woollett, Anne, Hariette Marshall, Paula Nicolson, and Neelam Dosanjh (1994) “Asian Women’s Ethnic Identity: The Impact of Gender and Context in the Accounts of Women Bringing Up Children in East London, Feminism & Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 1, 119-132.
ฉวีวรรณ ประจวบเหมาะ (2547) “ทบทวนแนวทางการศึกษาชาติพันธ์ุข้ามยุคสมัยกับการศึกษาในสังคมไทย” ว่าด้วยแนวทางการศึกษาชาติพันธ์ุ กรุงเทพฯ:ศูนย์มานุษยวิทยาสิรินธร
สุเทพ สุนทรเภสัช (2548) ชาติพันธ์ุสัมพันธ์: แนวคิดพื้นฐานทางมานุษยวิทยาในการศึกษาอัตลักษณ์กลุ่มชาติพันธ์ุ ประชาชาติ และการจัดองค์กรความสัมพันธ์ทางชาติพันธ์ุ กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักพิมพ์เมืองโบราณ
ภาษาอังกฤษ
Anderson, Benedict (1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso Banton, Michael (1983) Racial and Ethnic Competition. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.
Chatterjee, Partha (1993) The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Cliffort, James (1983) “On ethnographic authority,” Representations, 1.2: 118-46
Clifford, James (1997) Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century, Massachusetts: Harvarnd Univesity Press.
Clifford, James and George Marcus (eds.) (1986) Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cohn, B.S., and N.B. Dirks (1988) “Beyond the fringe: the nation state, colonialism, and the techonologies of power,” Journal of Historical Sociology 12: 224-29.
DeVos, George (1975) “Ethnic pluralism: conflict and accomodation,” In Ethnic Identity: Cultural Continuities and Change, ed. George DeVos and Lola Romanucci-Ross. Palo Alto, Calif.: Mayfield Publishing.
E.K. Francis (1978) Interethnic Relations. New York: Free Press.
Fischer, Michael (1986) “Ethnicity and the post-modern arts of memory,” in Clifford and Marcus (eds.) Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley: University of California Press, Pp.194-233.
Foucault, Michael (1984) “Nietzsche, Geneology, and History,” In Paul Rabinow (ed.) The Foucault Reader. New York: Pantheon. Pp.76-100
Freire-Marreco, Barbara and John Linton Myres (eds.) (1912) Notes and queries on anthropology, London.
Furnivall, J.S. (1956) Colonial Policy and Practice. New York: New York University Press.
Geertz, Clifford (1963) “The integrative revolution: primordial sentiments and civil politics in the new states,” In Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa, Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
________. [1973] (1993) The Interpretation of Cultures, London: Fontana Press.
________. (1996) “Primordial ties,” in John Hutchinson and Anthony Smith (eds.) Ethnicity, Oxford: Oxfor University Press, Pp.40-45.
Gellner, Ernest (1983) Nation and Nationalism, Oxford: Blackwell.
Gordon, C. (1987) “The Soul of the Citizen: Max Weber and Michel Foucault on Rationality and Government,” In S. Lash and S. Whimster (eds.) Max Weber, Rationality and Society, London: Allen and Lawin.
Guibernau, Montserrat and John Rex (eds.) (1997) The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gupta, Akhil (1992) “The song of the nonalinged world: transnational identities and the reinscription of space in late capitalism,” Cultural Anthropology, 9(1): 63-79
Gupta, Akhil and James Ferguson (eds.) (1992) Culture, Power and Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology, Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Hetchter, Michael (1986) “A rational choice approach to race and ethnic relations,” in D. Mason and J. Rex (eds.) Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations (reprinted by permission of the author , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kaplan, Caren, Norma Alarcón and Minoo Moallem (eds.) (1999) Between Women and Nation, Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Keyes, Charles F. (1966) “Ethnic identity and loyalty of villagers in northeastern Thailand,” Asian Survey, V.VI, No.7, July.
________. (1976) “Towards a New Formulation of the Concept of Ethnic Group,” Ethnicity 3: 202-213.
________. (1979) “The Karen in Thai history and the history of Karen in Thailand,” In Ethnic Adaptation and Identity: The Karen on the Thai Frontier with Burma, Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues (ISHI).
________. (1981) “The dialectics of ethnic change,” In Ethnic Change, Seattle: University of Washington Press.
________. (1984) “The basic of ethnic group relations in modern nation-states,”A paper presented at a symposium on “Contemporary Ethnic Processes in the USA and the USSR, New Orleans, April 14-16.
________. (1992) Who Are the Lue Revisited? Ethnic Identity in Laos, Thailand, and China. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Center for International Studies, Working Paper.
________. (1994) The Nation-state and the politics of indigenous minorities: reflections on ethnic insurgency in Burma, A paper presented at a conference on “Tribal Minorities and the State,” organized by the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation in Istanbul, February 21-25
________. (1995) “Who are the Tai? reflections on the invention of local, ethnic and national identities,” Ethnic Identity: Creation Conflict, and Accommodation. Lola Romanucci-Ross and George A. De Vos, eds. Third Edition. Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira Press, 1995. Pp. 136-60.
________. (1997) “Etnnic groups, ethnicity,” In The Balckwell Dictionary of Anthropology, ed. Thomas J. Barfield, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
________. (2002a) “Weber and anthropology,” Annual Review of Anthropology, Oct , V.31, Pp.233-255.
________. (2002b) “Presidential address: “The peoples of Asia”—science and politics in the classification of ethnic groups in Thailand, China, and Vietnam,” The Journal of Asian Studies, 61(4) November: 1163-1203.
Leach, E. R. (1954) Political System of Highland Burma, Cambridge: Havard University Press.
Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1953) Social Structure, In A. L. Kroeber (ed.) Anthropology Today, (Pp.524-553), Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Marcus, George and Fisher (1986) Anthropology as Cultural Critique : An Ex-perimental Moment in the Human Sciences, Chicago and London : The University of Chicago Press.
Moerman, Michael (1965) “Ethnic identity in a complex civilization: who are the Lue?” American Anthropologist, 67: 1215-1230.
_______. (1968) “Being Lue: uses and abuses of ethnic identification,” in Essays on the Problem of Tribe, Proceedings of the 1967 Annual Spring Meeting of the American Ethnological Society. June Helm, ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press, Proceedings of the 1967 Annual Spring
Meeting of the American Ethnological Society, Pp.153-69.
Morgan, Lewis Henry [1878] (1985) Ancient Society, Tuscon: University of Arizona Press.
Naroll, Raoul (1964) “On ethnic unit classifcation,” Current Anthropology, 5: 283-291,306-312.
_______. “Who the Lue are,” in Essays on the Problem of Tribe, Proceedings of the 1967 Annual Spring Meeting of the American Ethnological Society. June Helm, ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press, Proceedings of the 1967 Annual Spring Meeting of the American Ethnological Society, Pp.72-82.
Ravillos, Raymundo (2006) “Defining UP Baguio’s Niche/s,” a paper read during the U.P. Baguio Faculty Conference held on January 30-31, 2006 at the Ridgewood Residence, Pacdal Road, Baguio City.
Saldivar-Hull, Sonia (2000) “Mestiza Consciousness and Politic: Gloria Anzaldúa’s Borderlands/La Frontera, In her Femenism on the Border: Chicana Gender Politics and Literature, Berkerley: University of California Press.
Schiller, Nina Glick, Linda Basch, and Cristina Blanc-Szanton (eds.) (1992) Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity, and Nationalism Reconsidered, New York: New York Academy of Science.
Shils, Edward (1957) Personal, primordial, sacred, and civil ties. British Journal of Sociology 8: 130-145
Tönnies, F. [1887] (1963) Community and Society, (translated by C.P. Loomis), New York: Harper and Row.
Vail, Leroy (ed.) (1989) The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa, Berkeley: University of California Press.
van den Berghe, Pierre L. (1978) “Race and ethnicity: a sociobiological perspective,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 1: 401-11.
Weber, Max [1922], (1968) Economy and Society, University of California Press, Los Angeles.
Woollett, Anne, Hariette Marshall, Paula Nicolson, and Neelam Dosanjh (1994) “Asian Women’s Ethnic Identity: The Impact of Gender and Context in the Accounts of Women Bringing Up Children in East London, Feminism & Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 1, 119-132.
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2019-02-26
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เหลืองอร่ามศรี ปิ่นแก้ว. 2019. “The Predicament of Ethnicity”. Social Sciences Academic Journal, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University 19 (1):183-228. https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jss/article/view/174568.
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