Japan’s Smart Power: Providing Defense and Security Assistance to the Philippines
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Published:
Jul 5, 2019
Keywords:
China Defense and Security Cooperation Japan The Philippines The South China Sea
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Abstract
apan currently confronts the challenges which considerably impact its status quo and interests. In this context, Japanese economic and cultural power as traditional instruments are hardly adequate in the contemporary situation. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, therefore, amends laws and apparatuses to underlie a new diplomatic instrument — military power. Such action can demonstrate to Smart Power concept by Joseph Nye. With the concept, this paper presents an example of most dynamical defense partner, Japan and the Philippines, because they have the same hazardous threat that is China’s aggressiveness on maritime disputes, particularly in the South China Sea. In consequence, Japan contiguously raises defense and security assistance to the Philippines toward the sustainable strategic partnership, although President Rodrigo Duterte’s foreign policy would negatively affect the Japanese goals.
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How to Cite
Sirirat, J. (2019). Japan’s Smart Power: Providing Defense and Security Assistance to the Philippines. Journal of Social Sciences Naresuan University, 14(2), 14_25–50. Retrieved from https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jssnu/article/view/201392
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Review Paper
References
เอกสารภาษาไทย
มณฑล ยศสมศักดิ์. 2556. “การขยายบทบาททางทหารของจีนในทะเลจีนใต้.” ใน สุรชาติ บำรุงสุข (บก.),
จุลสารความมั่นคงศึกษา: ฉ. 132-133. กรุงเทพฯ: สแควร์ ปริ๊นซ์ 93.
Translated Thai References
Monthon Yotsomsak. 2012. “Kan Khayai Botbat Thang Thahan Khong Chin Nai Thale Chin-
Tai” [China’s Military Expansion in the South China Sea]. In Security Studies Project,
no.132-133, ed. Surachart Bamrungsuk. Bangkok: Square Print’ 93.
เอกสารภาษาอังกฤษ
Auslin, M. 2016. “Japan’s New Realism: Abe Gets Tough.” Foreign Affairs, 95(2): 125-134.
Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS). 2017. “How Much Trade Transits the
South China Sea?” Url: https://chinapower.csis.org/much-trade-transits-south-china-sea/.
Accessed on 29 October 2017.
Chan, M. 2018. “China Has Started Building its Third Aircraft Carrier, Military Sources Say.”
South China Morning Post. Url: https://bit.ly/2Cmuy71. Accessed on 4 January 2018.
Chandran, N. 2017. “As World Concentrated on North Korea, Beijing Was Busy Building in
South China Sea.” CNBC. Url: https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/15/south-china-sea-beijing-
building-projects-in-spratly-paracel-islands.html. Accessed on 15 December 2017.
Curtis, G. L. 2013. “Japan’s Cautious Hawks: Why Tokyo Is Unlikely to Pursue an Aggressive
Foreign Policy.” Foreign Affairs, 92(2): 77-86.
Dalpino, C. 2016. “Japan-Southeast Asia Relations: Incremental, But Groundbreaking Steps.”
A Triannual E-Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations, 18(1): 139-152.
De Castro, R.C. 2013. “China and Japan in Maritime Southeast Asia: Extending Their
Geo-Strategic Rivalry by Competing for Friends.” Philippine Political Science Journal,
34(2): 150-169.
De Castro, R.C. 2016. “The Duterte Administration’s Foreign Policy: Unraveling the Aquino
Administration’s Balancing Agenda on an Emergent China.” Journal of Current Southeast
Asian Affairs, 35(3): 139-159.
De Castro, R.C. 2017. “21st Century Japan–Philippines Strategic Partnership: Constraining
China’s Expansion in the South China Sea.” Asian Affairs: An American Review, 44(2):
31-51.
Fatton, L.P. 2016. “Japan’s New Security Policy: Toward Regional Involvement at Sea?”
Strategic Security Analysis, 4: 1-7.
Grønning, B. E. M. 2014. “Japan’s Shifting Military Priorities: Counterbalancing China’s
Rise.” Asian Security, 10(1): 1-21.
Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO). 2017a. “JETRO Global Trade and Investment
Report 2017.” Url: https://bit.ly/2PNLOtb. Accessed on 29 October 2017.
Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO). 2017b. “JETRO White Paper and JETRO Global
Trade and Investment Report.” Url: https://bit.ly/2ondrNc. Accessed on 29 October 2017.
Kingdon, E. 2015. “A Case for Arbitration: The Philippines’ Solution The South China Sea
Dispute.” Boston College International & Comparative Law Review, 38(1): 129-157.
Kitaoka, S. 2014. “A ‘Proactive Contribution to Peace’ and the Right of Collective Self-Defense:
The Development of Security Policy in the Abe Administration.” Asia-Pacific
Review, 21(2): 1-18.
Koda, Y. 2016. “Japan’s Perceptions of and Interests in the South China Sea.” Asia Policy,
21: 29-35.
Koga, K. 2016. “Japan’s Strategic Coordination in 2015: ASEAN, Southeast Asia,and Abe’s
Diplomatic Agenda,” pp. 67-80. In Southeast Asian Affairs 2016, eds. D. Singh & M.
Cook. Singapore: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.
Lee, J. 2016. “In Defense of the East Asian Regional Order: Explaining Japan’s Newfound
Interest in Southeast Asia.” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 8(1): 30-53.
Li, R. 2018. “China’s Defense Budget Lower Than Other Major Countries: NPC Spokesperson.”
Global Times. Url: http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1091649.shtml. Accessed
on 3 August 2018.
Liff, A.P. 2015. “Japan’s Defense Policy: Abe the Evolutionary.” The Washington Quarterly,
38(2): 79-99.
Mabasa, R.C. 2017. “Japan Will Support PH Nation-building through Trade, Maritime Security-
PM Abe.” Manila Bulletin. Url: https://bit.ly/2NFshK4. Accessed on 13 January 2017.
Midford, P. 2015. “Japan’s Approach to Maritime Security in the South China Sea.” Asian
Survey, 55(3): 525-547.
Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry (METI). 2016. “Japan’s Energy: 20 Questions to
Understand the Current Energy Situation.” Url: https://bit.ly/2DxoxFG. Accessed on 29
October 2017.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2017. “Japan-Philippines Relations.” Url: https://bit.
ly/2wtbALe. Accessed on 31 August 2017
Nguyen, H.S. 2013. “ASEAN-Japan Strategic Partnership in Southeast Asia: Maritime Security
and Cooperation,” pp. 214-227. In Beyond 2015: ASEAN-Japan Strategic Partnership
for Democracy, Peace, and Prosperity in Southeast Asia, eds. R. Sukma & Y. Soeya.
Tokyo: Japan Center for International Exchange.
Nye, J.S. 2004. Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics. New York: PublicAffairs.
Nye, J.S. 2011. The Future of Power. New York: PublicAffairs.
Oba, M. 2018. “The Transition of Japan’s Regional Policy for Peace and Prosperity in the
‘Region’: from Asia-Pacific, East Asia to Indo-Pacific.” King Prajadhipok’s Institute,
Seminar on 19 March 2018.
Permanent Court of Arbitration. 2016. “Press Release: The South China Sea Arbitration
(The Republic of the Philippines V. The People’s Republic of China).” Url: https://bit.
ly/29KQ1gF. Accessed on 10 January 2018.
Poh, A. 2017. “The Myth of Chinese Sanctions over South China Sea Disputes.” The Washington
Quarterly, 40(1): 143-165.
Rahn, W. 2017. “Will the US Fight for Oil in the South China Sea?” Deutsche Welle. Url:
http://www.dw.com/en/will-the-us-fight-for-oil-in-the-south-china-sea/a-37677319. Accessed
on 22 February 2017.
Rich, M. 2016. “Rodrigo Duterte, in Japan, Calls for U.S. Troops to Exit Philippines in 2
Years.” The New York Times. Url: https://nyti.ms/2Nw835c. Accessed on 26 October 2016.
Saltzman, I. Z. 2015. “Growing Pains: Neoclassical Realism and Japan’s Security Policy
Emancipation.” Contemporary Security Policy, 36(3): 498-527.
Shoji, T. 2014. “The South China Sea: A View from Japan.” NIDS Journal of Defense and
Security, No.15: 127-141.
Singh, B. 2010. “The Evolution of Japan’s Security Role in Southeast Asia.” The Round
Table, 99(409): 391-402.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). 2017. “SIPRI Military Expenditure
Database.” Url: https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex. Accessed on 1 October 2017.
Storey, I. 2013. “Japan’s Maritime Security Interests in Southeast Asia and the South China
Sea Dispute.” Political Science, 65(2): 135-156.
Storey, I. 2014. “Japan’s Evolving Security Concerns in Maritime Southeast Asia: From
Safety of Navigation to Lake Beijing,” pp. 114-134. In T. Shiraishi & T. Kojima (eds.),
ASEAN-Japan Relations. Singapore: Mainland Press.
Wang, F. 2015. “South China Sea Territorial Disputes and Sino-Philippine Trade.” Economic
and Political Studies, 3(2): 85-111.
Wuthnow, J. 2017. “Asian Security without the United States? Examining China’s Security
Strategy in Maritime and Continental Asia.” Asian Security, 1-16. Published on-line <
doi: 10.1080/14799855.2017.1378181>.
Ying Hui, L. 2017. “Chinese Construction in the South China Sea: Should ASEAN be Concerned?”
The Diplomat. Url: https://bit.ly/2wuDpCO. Accessed on 26 December 2017.
Yoshimatsu, H. 2012. “Japan’s China Policy in Domestic Power Transition and Alliance
Politics.” Asian Affairs: An American Review, 39(2): 106-126.
Zhao, S. 2018. “China and the South China Sea Arbitration: Geopolitics Versus International
Law.” Journal of Contemporary China, 27(109): 1-15.
มณฑล ยศสมศักดิ์. 2556. “การขยายบทบาททางทหารของจีนในทะเลจีนใต้.” ใน สุรชาติ บำรุงสุข (บก.),
จุลสารความมั่นคงศึกษา: ฉ. 132-133. กรุงเทพฯ: สแควร์ ปริ๊นซ์ 93.
Translated Thai References
Monthon Yotsomsak. 2012. “Kan Khayai Botbat Thang Thahan Khong Chin Nai Thale Chin-
Tai” [China’s Military Expansion in the South China Sea]. In Security Studies Project,
no.132-133, ed. Surachart Bamrungsuk. Bangkok: Square Print’ 93.
เอกสารภาษาอังกฤษ
Auslin, M. 2016. “Japan’s New Realism: Abe Gets Tough.” Foreign Affairs, 95(2): 125-134.
Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS). 2017. “How Much Trade Transits the
South China Sea?” Url: https://chinapower.csis.org/much-trade-transits-south-china-sea/.
Accessed on 29 October 2017.
Chan, M. 2018. “China Has Started Building its Third Aircraft Carrier, Military Sources Say.”
South China Morning Post. Url: https://bit.ly/2Cmuy71. Accessed on 4 January 2018.
Chandran, N. 2017. “As World Concentrated on North Korea, Beijing Was Busy Building in
South China Sea.” CNBC. Url: https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/15/south-china-sea-beijing-
building-projects-in-spratly-paracel-islands.html. Accessed on 15 December 2017.
Curtis, G. L. 2013. “Japan’s Cautious Hawks: Why Tokyo Is Unlikely to Pursue an Aggressive
Foreign Policy.” Foreign Affairs, 92(2): 77-86.
Dalpino, C. 2016. “Japan-Southeast Asia Relations: Incremental, But Groundbreaking Steps.”
A Triannual E-Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations, 18(1): 139-152.
De Castro, R.C. 2013. “China and Japan in Maritime Southeast Asia: Extending Their
Geo-Strategic Rivalry by Competing for Friends.” Philippine Political Science Journal,
34(2): 150-169.
De Castro, R.C. 2016. “The Duterte Administration’s Foreign Policy: Unraveling the Aquino
Administration’s Balancing Agenda on an Emergent China.” Journal of Current Southeast
Asian Affairs, 35(3): 139-159.
De Castro, R.C. 2017. “21st Century Japan–Philippines Strategic Partnership: Constraining
China’s Expansion in the South China Sea.” Asian Affairs: An American Review, 44(2):
31-51.
Fatton, L.P. 2016. “Japan’s New Security Policy: Toward Regional Involvement at Sea?”
Strategic Security Analysis, 4: 1-7.
Grønning, B. E. M. 2014. “Japan’s Shifting Military Priorities: Counterbalancing China’s
Rise.” Asian Security, 10(1): 1-21.
Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO). 2017a. “JETRO Global Trade and Investment
Report 2017.” Url: https://bit.ly/2PNLOtb. Accessed on 29 October 2017.
Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO). 2017b. “JETRO White Paper and JETRO Global
Trade and Investment Report.” Url: https://bit.ly/2ondrNc. Accessed on 29 October 2017.
Kingdon, E. 2015. “A Case for Arbitration: The Philippines’ Solution The South China Sea
Dispute.” Boston College International & Comparative Law Review, 38(1): 129-157.
Kitaoka, S. 2014. “A ‘Proactive Contribution to Peace’ and the Right of Collective Self-Defense:
The Development of Security Policy in the Abe Administration.” Asia-Pacific
Review, 21(2): 1-18.
Koda, Y. 2016. “Japan’s Perceptions of and Interests in the South China Sea.” Asia Policy,
21: 29-35.
Koga, K. 2016. “Japan’s Strategic Coordination in 2015: ASEAN, Southeast Asia,and Abe’s
Diplomatic Agenda,” pp. 67-80. In Southeast Asian Affairs 2016, eds. D. Singh & M.
Cook. Singapore: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.
Lee, J. 2016. “In Defense of the East Asian Regional Order: Explaining Japan’s Newfound
Interest in Southeast Asia.” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 8(1): 30-53.
Li, R. 2018. “China’s Defense Budget Lower Than Other Major Countries: NPC Spokesperson.”
Global Times. Url: http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1091649.shtml. Accessed
on 3 August 2018.
Liff, A.P. 2015. “Japan’s Defense Policy: Abe the Evolutionary.” The Washington Quarterly,
38(2): 79-99.
Mabasa, R.C. 2017. “Japan Will Support PH Nation-building through Trade, Maritime Security-
PM Abe.” Manila Bulletin. Url: https://bit.ly/2NFshK4. Accessed on 13 January 2017.
Midford, P. 2015. “Japan’s Approach to Maritime Security in the South China Sea.” Asian
Survey, 55(3): 525-547.
Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry (METI). 2016. “Japan’s Energy: 20 Questions to
Understand the Current Energy Situation.” Url: https://bit.ly/2DxoxFG. Accessed on 29
October 2017.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2017. “Japan-Philippines Relations.” Url: https://bit.
ly/2wtbALe. Accessed on 31 August 2017
Nguyen, H.S. 2013. “ASEAN-Japan Strategic Partnership in Southeast Asia: Maritime Security
and Cooperation,” pp. 214-227. In Beyond 2015: ASEAN-Japan Strategic Partnership
for Democracy, Peace, and Prosperity in Southeast Asia, eds. R. Sukma & Y. Soeya.
Tokyo: Japan Center for International Exchange.
Nye, J.S. 2004. Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics. New York: PublicAffairs.
Nye, J.S. 2011. The Future of Power. New York: PublicAffairs.
Oba, M. 2018. “The Transition of Japan’s Regional Policy for Peace and Prosperity in the
‘Region’: from Asia-Pacific, East Asia to Indo-Pacific.” King Prajadhipok’s Institute,
Seminar on 19 March 2018.
Permanent Court of Arbitration. 2016. “Press Release: The South China Sea Arbitration
(The Republic of the Philippines V. The People’s Republic of China).” Url: https://bit.
ly/29KQ1gF. Accessed on 10 January 2018.
Poh, A. 2017. “The Myth of Chinese Sanctions over South China Sea Disputes.” The Washington
Quarterly, 40(1): 143-165.
Rahn, W. 2017. “Will the US Fight for Oil in the South China Sea?” Deutsche Welle. Url:
http://www.dw.com/en/will-the-us-fight-for-oil-in-the-south-china-sea/a-37677319. Accessed
on 22 February 2017.
Rich, M. 2016. “Rodrigo Duterte, in Japan, Calls for U.S. Troops to Exit Philippines in 2
Years.” The New York Times. Url: https://nyti.ms/2Nw835c. Accessed on 26 October 2016.
Saltzman, I. Z. 2015. “Growing Pains: Neoclassical Realism and Japan’s Security Policy
Emancipation.” Contemporary Security Policy, 36(3): 498-527.
Shoji, T. 2014. “The South China Sea: A View from Japan.” NIDS Journal of Defense and
Security, No.15: 127-141.
Singh, B. 2010. “The Evolution of Japan’s Security Role in Southeast Asia.” The Round
Table, 99(409): 391-402.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). 2017. “SIPRI Military Expenditure
Database.” Url: https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex. Accessed on 1 October 2017.
Storey, I. 2013. “Japan’s Maritime Security Interests in Southeast Asia and the South China
Sea Dispute.” Political Science, 65(2): 135-156.
Storey, I. 2014. “Japan’s Evolving Security Concerns in Maritime Southeast Asia: From
Safety of Navigation to Lake Beijing,” pp. 114-134. In T. Shiraishi & T. Kojima (eds.),
ASEAN-Japan Relations. Singapore: Mainland Press.
Wang, F. 2015. “South China Sea Territorial Disputes and Sino-Philippine Trade.” Economic
and Political Studies, 3(2): 85-111.
Wuthnow, J. 2017. “Asian Security without the United States? Examining China’s Security
Strategy in Maritime and Continental Asia.” Asian Security, 1-16. Published on-line <
doi: 10.1080/14799855.2017.1378181>.
Ying Hui, L. 2017. “Chinese Construction in the South China Sea: Should ASEAN be Concerned?”
The Diplomat. Url: https://bit.ly/2wuDpCO. Accessed on 26 December 2017.
Yoshimatsu, H. 2012. “Japan’s China Policy in Domestic Power Transition and Alliance
Politics.” Asian Affairs: An American Review, 39(2): 106-126.
Zhao, S. 2018. “China and the South China Sea Arbitration: Geopolitics Versus International
Law.” Journal of Contemporary China, 27(109): 1-15.