Green Politics: The Conflict of Mainstream Politics and the New Social Movements (NSMs)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This article considers green politics as an alternative politics that focuses on environmental concerns. Since the 1960s, green politics has emerged from confrontations between grassroots people and mainstream political structures at the national level through new social and political movements. These political conflicts indicate that the environmental catastrophe becomes one of non-traditional threats, such as climate change and COVID-19 pandemic, which the traditional political system is incapable of dealing with. To begin, this essay examines the concepts of new social movements (NSMs) and green politics, both of which are environmentally friendly in terms of the economy, society, security, international development, and sustainability. Finally, this essay analyzes and compares the political routes of Green Parties vying for political power in Australia, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.
Downloads
Article Details
References
African Union Commission. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 outbreak on governance, peace and security in the horn of Africa. Retrieved August 15, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3nTvLh0
Aşıcı, A. A., & Bünül, Z. (2012). Green new deal: A green way out of the crisis?. Environmental Policy and Governance, 22(5), 295–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1594
Australian Greens. (2020a). End the cruelty. Retrieved December 30, 2020, from https://greens.org.au/campaigns/close-the-camps
Australian Greens. (2020b). What we do next matters. Retrieved December 30, 2020, from https://greens.org.au/newhome
Australian Greens. (2020c). Protecting our environment. Retrieved December 30, 2020, from https://greens.org.au/campaigns/protecting-our-environment
Australian Greens. (2020d). Our campaigns. Retrieved December 30, 2020, from https://greens.org.au/campaigns
Baker, K. (1981). Germany transformed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Barnett, P. (2015). An introduction to green politics. Retrieved December 27, 2020, from https://greenworld.org.uk/article/introduction-green-politics
BBC News. (2015, December 10). Volkswagen: The scandal explained. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772
BBC News. (2019, November 10). General election 2019: Greens offer basic income by 2025. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50432200
Bélanger, É. (2004). Antipartyism and third-party vote choice: A comparison of Canada, Britain, and Australia. Comparative Political Studies, 37(9), 1054–1078. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414004268847
Bennett, S. (2008). The rise of the Australian greens. Retrieved December 30, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3AwWgfm
Capra, F., & Spretnak, C. (1984). Green politics. National Forum. 64(3), 21
Conradt, D. P. (2020). Green party of Germany: Political party. Retrieved December 30, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Green-Party-of-Germany
Deutsche Welle. (2021, September 27). Germany votes: Big gains for center-left parties, heavy losses for conservatives-as it happened. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/en/german-election-2021-live-updates/a-59312264
Dobson, A. (2007). Green political thought (4th ed.). London: Routledge.
Dobson, A. (2016). Environmental politics: A very short introduction (illustrated edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Doungnoi, V. (2019). Political ecology of conflict and resistance to mining of social movements. Burapha Journal of Political Economy, 7(2), 131–154. [in Thai].
Europe Green. (2017). The German greens outline an ambitious 10-point plan for the 2017 bundestag elections. Retrieved December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3lH06N2
Federal Employees. (2019). Compressed work schedules. U.S. office of personnel management. Retrieved December 15, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3Avsvvs
Feindt, P. H., & Cowell, R. (2010). The recession, environmental policy and ecological modernization–what’s new about the green new deal?. International Planning Studies, 15(3), 191–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2010.509474
Galvin, R., & Healy, N. (2020). The green new deal in the United States: What it is and how to pay for it. Energy Research & Social Science, 67, 101529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101529
Global Greens. (2007). Member parties. Retrieved January 15, 2021, from https://www.globalgreens.org/member-parties
Green Party USA. (2020a). The ten key values of the green party of the United States. Retrieved December 27, 2020, from https://www.gp.org/ten_key_values
Green Party USA. (2020b). Green party of the United States platform. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.gp.org/platform
Green Party USA. (2020c). 2020 Candidates. Retrieved December 30, 2020, from https://www.gp.org/2020_candidates
Green Party USA. (2020d). About. Retrieved December 29, 2020, from https://www.gp.org/about
Green Party USA. (2021). Coronavirus 2020-green party national and state responses. Retrieved September 2, 2021, from https://www.gp.org/coronavirus
Green Party. (2019a). Pollution. Retrieved December 15, 2020, from https://bit.ly/2XKJonR
Green Party. (2019b). Philosophical basis. Retrieved December 15, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3ECIHha
Green Party. (2020). Elected greens in England & wales. Retrieved December 15, 2020, from https://www.greenparty.org.uk/people/elected-greens.html
Green Party. (2021). Greens call for inquiry into government’s handling of Covid-19, one year on from start of lockdown. Retrieved September 2, 2021, from: https://bit.ly/3tXghta
Haute, E. van. (2016). Green parties in Europe. New York: Routledge.
Hope, C. (2015, January 25). British army to be replaced by “home defence force” if greens win power in May. The Telegraph. Retrieved December 30, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3ku5lQO
Klaituptim, J. (2007). The environment politics. Bangkok: Agricultural Cooperatives Association of Thailand. [in Thai].
Marks, J. (1997). A historical look at green structure: 1984 to 1992. Retrieved from http://www.greens.org/s-r/14/14-03.html
Mentzer, W. R. (1998). Test and evaluation of land-mobile missile systems. Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, 19(4), 421-435. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3AuUuLZ
Minns, J., Bradley, K., & Chagas-Bastos, F. H. (2018). Australia’s refugee policy: Not a model for the world. International Studies, 55(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020881717746797
Muller-Rommel, F. (1994). Green parties under comparative perspective. Vienna: Wien Universität.
Newell, P. (2019). ‘What Is green politics?’ In P. Newell (Ed.), Global green politics (pp. 21–48). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Noppakaew, W. (2018). Political ecology of cultural area management. “rotational farming”: Problems and conflicts between the state authorities and the community. The Academic Journal: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Nakhonsawan Rajabhat University, 5(1), 367–406. [in Thai].
Ocasio-Cortez, A. (2019, February 12). Text-H.Res.109-116th congress (2019-2020): recognizing the duty of the federal government to create a green new deal. Retrieved January 15, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3tW4lIf
Oltermann, P. (2020, September 7). German greens well placed for share of power despite covid setback. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3tW4tYf
Perry, J. (2021). The politics of economic insecurity in the COVID-19 Era UN DESA. Retrieved January 15, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3ku6HLo
Pettifor, A. (2020). The case for the green new deal. New York: Verso Books.
Piampongsarn, P. (2013). Political economics, political ecology and eco-socialism. Burapha Journal of Political Economy, 1(1), 217–234. [in Thai].
Pickering, S., & Lambert, C. (2002). Deterrence: Australia’s refugee policy. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 14(1), 65–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2002.12036247
Poguntke, T. (1993). Goodbye to movement politics? organisational adaptation of the German green party. Environmental Politics, 2(3), 379–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644019308414086
Sharman, C., Sayers, A. M., & Miragliotta, N. (2002). Trading party preferences: The Australian experience of preferential voting. Electoral Studies, 21(4), 543–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3794(01)00012-9
Smith, R. J. (1984). Missile deployments shake European politics: The Soviet SS20 and the American pershing ii and cruise missiles have disgruntled The Europeans and awakened their independence. Science, 223(4637), 665–667. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.223.4637.665
Speake, J. (2015). Oxford dictionary of proverbs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Spretnak, C. (1984). Green politics: The spiritual dimension. Retrieved January 16, 2021, from https://bit.ly/2XLo0Pd
Switzer, J. V., & Vaughn, J. (2003). Environmental activism: A reference handbook. California: ABC-CLIO.
Talshir, G. (2002). The political ideology of green parties: From the politics of nature to redefining the nature of politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Thompson, M. (2019). Who owns the environment?: The state of green party politics around the world. Paris: Ipsos Public Affairs.
Tranter, B., & Smith, J. (2019). The mother of all effects? stability and change in greens party identification in Australia. Environmental Politics, 28(7), 1281–1304. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2018.1518068
Unchanam, P. (2020). Animals and rights: Political theories of animal liberation. Journal of Social Sciences, Naresuan University, 16(1), 119–160. https://doi.org/10.14456/jssnu.2020.5. [in Thai].
Voice of America. (2021). Thousands around globe protest COVID-19 shots, lockdowns. Voice of America. Retrieved January 16, 2021, from https://bit.ly/39pWitO
Wall, D. (2010). The no-nonsense guide to green politics. Oxford: New Internationalist.
Wettengel, J. (2019, February 20). RWE agrees to leave hambach forest untouched until 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3Aste0E
Wilson, S. (2002). The emergence of the green electorate in Australia. Australian Quarterly, 74(6), 17–22.
Zelko, F., & Brinkmann, C. (2006). Green parties: Reflections on the first three decades. Washington DC: Heinrich Boll Foundation.