Motherhood Concepts and The Capitalist Patriarchy: Mothers in Thai Society
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The concept of capitalist patriarchy in socialist feminism examines the relationship between patriarchal ideology and capitalism, interrelated systems that inevitably affect motherhood in society. This includes the capitalist model of motherhood that leads to the marginalization of mothers beyond societal norms, resulting in motherhood denial. Simultaneously, it leads to the emergence of outlaw mothers within society. This article aims to present a review of motherhood concepts within the framework of socialist feminism and reflect the image of motherhood in Thai society through studies that reveal diverse motherhood ideologies in society. Using the framework of capitalist patriarchy under the aforementioned conditions in Thai society allows us to observe the ongoing relationship between patriarchal ideology and capitalism. At the same time, maternal identity and negotiation with gendered conditions are being constructed in Thai society, this article ultimately aims to expose the intersectionality of structures and ideologies not only concerning motherhood but also encompassing gender, social class, and economic.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Ahmed, S. (2017). Living a feminist life. Durham: Duke University Press.
Asa, A. (2019). Khropkhrua khwia: Phahu atta lak khwam samphan lae yutthasat khropkhrua let bian chonchan raengngan (in Thai). [Queer family indentities, familial relations and strategies of working-class lesbian family] (Master’s thesis). Bangkok: Thammasat University. Retrieved from https://ci.tu.ac.th/uploads/ci/academic-work/master-thesis/62ma_atitaya.pdf
Bokiniec, M. (2016). Voices of motherhood: Feminism, motherhood and narrative identity. Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica, 17(2), 149-164.
Boonpiam, N. (2006). Pra sop karn kham pen mae kong pooying ti mee khamphikarn ni prathetthai (in Thai). [Experience of motherhood among women with physical disability in Thailand] (Master’s thesis). Nakhon Pathom: Mahidol University.
Boonrat, P. (2004). Khati rueang mae nai khamphi phraphutthasatsana na therawat (in Thai). [The concept motherhood in the Theravada Buddhist Canon] (Master’s thesis). Bangkok: Dhonburi Rajabhat University.
Burris, V. (1982). The dialectic of women’s oppression: notes on the relation between capitalism and patriarchy. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 27, 51-74.
Chamchan, C., Jaratsit, J., & Loyfah, N. (2019). Tonthun kan liangdu but (ayu 0-14 pi) nai prathet thai (in Thai). [Cost of raising a child (age 0-14) in Thailand]. Chiang Mai University Journal of Economics, 23(1), 55-78.
Chodorow, N. (1987). The Reproduction of mothering: psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. New York: Routledge.
Collins, P. H., & Bilge, S. (2016). Intersectionality. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Couvrette, A., Brochu, S., & Plourde, C. (2016). The deviant good mother: Motherhood experiences of substance-using and lawbreaking women. Journal of Drug Issues, 46(4), 292-307.
Eisenstein, Z. R. (1979). Capitalist patriarchy and the case for socialist feminism. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Fields, J. (2001). Normal queers: Straight parents respond to their children’s “coming out”. Symbolic Interaction, 24(2), 165-187.
Fine, F. (1992). Women’s employment and the capitalist family. London: Routledge.
Firestone, S., (1970). The dialectic of sex: The case for feminist revolution. New York: William Morrow and Company.
Fraser, N. (1997). Heterosexism, misrecognition, and capitalism: A response to Judith Butler. Social Text, 52/53, 279-289. https://doi.org/10.2307/466745
Glenn, E. N., Chang, G., & Forcey, L. R. (1994). Mothering: Ideology, experience and agency. New York: Routledge.
Hanks, C. (Ed.). (2010). Technology and values: Essential readings. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
Hartmann, H. (1976). Capitalism, patriarchy, and job segregation by sex. Signs: Women and the Workplace: The Implications of occupational segregation, 1(3), 137-169.
Hays, S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. London: Yale University Press.
Inpim, C. (2021). Mae kathoei: Prasopkan lae kan rapru kiaokap khwam pen mae nai sangkhom thai phaitai pita thip tai thunniyom (in Thai). [Kathoey mothers: Experiences and perceptions of motherhood in Thai society under the capitalist patriarchy] (Master’s thesis). Bangkok: Thammasat University.
Kanchanachitra, M., Thianlai, K., & Tadi, R., (2019). Naeothang mattrakan songsoem kan mi but samrap prathet thai nai patchuban (in Thai). [Policies for birth promotion in Thailand] (Research report). Bangkok: Thailand Science Research and Innovation.
Kitirianglarp, K. (2015). Chak “Motluk ko patchai kan phalit” Thueng kamnoet phak borikan nai rabop thunniyom: Kan phalit sam ngan ban lae phuying nai thruesadi mak sit oto no mia (in Thai). [From “objects and factors of production” to services sector in capitalism: Reproduction of housework and women in autonomist Marxism]. Political Science Journal, 36(3), 1-31.
Lewin, E. (1993). Lesbian mothers: Accounts of gender in American culture. New York: Cornell University Press.
Lomrattananont, C. (2012). Sueksa chapho korani satri wai thamngan aai krungthepmahanakhon (in Thai). [A modification of ideal and actual motherhood identity: A case study of working women in Bangkok metropolis] (Master’s thesis). Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University.
Meksuk, C., & Siriwong, S. (2018). Khon kham phet: Kan chai chiwit khu kan sang khropkhrua lae kan liangdu but (in Thai). [Life partner, family formation, and child parenting of the transgender]. Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya Research, 10(1), 37-51.
Natrujirote, W. (2017). Khropkhrua thanglueak lae kan khong yu khong sathaban khropkhrua (in Thai). [Alternative family and the existing of family institution]. Veridian E-Journal, 10(2), 1817-1827.
Oakley, A. (1985). Sex, gender and society. England: Gower.
O’Reilly, A. (2004a). From motherhood to mothering: The legacy of Adrienne rich’s of woman born. New York: State university of New York press.
O’Reilly, A. (2004b). Mother outlaws: Theories and practices of empowered mothering. Toronto: Women’s Press.
O’Reilly, A. (2007). Maternal theory: Essentially reading. Toronto: Demeter Press.
O’Reilly, A. (2010). Encyclopedia of motherhood. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Ortner, S. B. (2014). Too soon for post-feminism: The ongoing life of patriarchy in Neoliberal America. History and Anthropology, 25(4), 530-549.
Park, S. M. (2013). Mothering queerly, queering motherhood: Resisting monomaternalism in adoptive, lesbian, blended, and polygamous families. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Paweenawat, S. W. (2019, July 25). Khwam taektang rawang khachang chai lae ying lae phonkrathop to kan mi luk nai prathet thai (in Thai). [Gender wage gap and their impact on having children in Thailand]. Retrieved June 7, 2022, from https://www.pier.or.th/abridged/2019/15/
Phantaneeya, S. (2019). “Khropkhrua khon kham phet” chak khwamphit pokkati lae khwam pen uen su kan mi tua ton lae phuenthi thang sangkhom: Bot wikhro tam naeokhit wathakam khong Michel Foucault (in Thai). [“Transgender Families” from abnormality and otherness to personal identity and social space: An analysis based on Michel Foucault’s notion of discourse]. Journal of Public Administration and Politics, 8(1), 24-44.
Rich, A. C. (1986). Of woman born: Motherhood as experience and institution. New York: W.W. Norton.
Sermsathanasawat, W. (2019). Kan yuenyan tua ton chak prasopkan khwam pen mae phan naeokhit pratya satri niyom khong Irigara (in Thai). [Mother subjectivity: (Re-)writing my motherhood journey through Irigarayan feminist perspective]. Suranaree Journal of Social Science, 13(2), 133-151.
Sirisamphan, T., Nonsi, S., & Thitiphanrangsarit, N. (2019). Kan khrong sot khong phuying nai yuk lokaphiwat kap setthakit nai mueangthai (in Thai). [Women’s celibacy in the era of globalization and economy in Thailand]. Thammasat Journal, 38(3), 27-44.
Songsrida, S., & Patthaisong, S. (2016). Kan sang tua ton khwam pen mae nai sang kom chai pen yai (in Thai). [The construction of motherhood in the patriarchal society]. Journal of Education and Social Development, 11(2), 223-234.
Soythongdee, S. (2009). Kan nam sanoe udomkan khwam pen mae nai wathakam khosana nai nittayasan samrap khropkhrua (in Thai). [The presentation of motherhood ideology in advertisement discourse in family magazines] (Master’s thesis). Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University. Retrieved from http://cuir.car.chula.ac.th/handle/123456789/18058
Tamdee, P. (2016). Bon senthang sai namnom mae: Atta lak khong mae thamngan yuk mai kap khwam yaklambak nai khwam pen mae (in Thai). [The path of breast milk: Identity of modern working mothers and difficulties in motherhood]. Journal of Social Research, 39(1), 1-38.
Tong, R. (2017). Feminist thought: A comprehensive introduction (5th ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Wald, J. (1997). Outlaw mothers. Hastings Women’s law journal, 8(1), 169-193.
Yakasem, P., & Chaiyasung, P. (2014). Prasopkan kan pen mae khong wairun (in Thai). [Experiences in becoming a teenage mother]. Journal of Health Science Research, 8(1), 28-34.