Self-Compassion, Psychological Resilience and Social Media Use among Thai and British University Students
Article Sidebar
เผยแพร่แล้ว:
มิ.ย. 30, 2021
Main Article Content
บทคัดย่อ
Previous research has suggested that self-compassion and psychological resilience are likely to be protective factors for young people’s psychological wellbeing during their time at university. However, no research has focused on self-compassion and psychological resilience among Thai and British students. The aims of this study were to explore the factors that affected self-compassion and psychological resilience among Thai and British university students and to explore the role that social media use has on these constructs. A total of 767 university students (482 Thai and 285 British undergraduate students) took part in a questionnaire-based study and 42 students (21 Thai and 21 British undergraduate students) participated in the in-depth interviews. The quantitative data show that gender, year of study as well as social media factors were predictors of self-compassion, while social support and perceived success influenced psychological resilience among Thai and British students. In addition, the qualitative data indicate that Thai and British students encountered similar problems and highlight the role that family and friends had on students’ strategies to deal with their problems compared to teachers and social media. The comparison between the two groups is discussed in relation to social media and cultural factors and the implications for higher education are considered.
Article Details
How to Cite
บท
บทความวิจัย
References
Archer-Brown, C. and Barnett, J. (2015) Fame and bullying on Yik Yak - and how to deal with it., The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/fame-and-bullying-on-yik-yak-and-how-to-deal-with-it-51377 (Accessed: 8 January 2019).
Auerbach, R. P. et al. (2018) ‘WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders’, Journal of abnormal psychology, 127(7), p. 623.
Barton, B. A. et al. (2018) ‘The effects of social media usage on attention, motivation, and academic performance’, Active Learning in Higher Education. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787418782817.
Best, P., Manktelow, R. and Taylor, B. (2014) ‘Online communication, social media and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review’, Children and Youth Services Review. Elsevier Ltd, 41, pp. 27–36. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.001.
Bluth, K. et al. (2016) ‘Age and Gender Differences in the Associations of Self-Compassion and Emotional Well-being in A Large Adolescent Sample’, Journal of Youth and Adolescence. Springer US, pp. 0–1. doi: 10.1007/s10964-016-0567-2.
Centre for mental health (2018). Available at: https://www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk/sites/default/files/2018-09/CentreforMentalHealth_Briefing_53_Social_Media.pdf.
Connor, K. M. and Davidson, J. R. T. (2003) ‘Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)’, Depression and anxiety, 18(2), pp. 76–82. doi: 10.1002/da.10113.
Deandrea, D. C. et al. (2012) ‘Serious social media: On the use of social media for improving students’ adjustment to college’, Internet and Higher Education, 15(1), pp. 15–23. doi: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.05.009.
Donovan, E. et al. (2016) ‘Brief report: Feasibility of a mindfulness and self-compassion based mobile intervention for adolescents’, Journal of adolescence. Elsevier Ltd, 53, pp. 217–221. doi: S0140-1971(16)30132-4 [pii].
Dunbar, R. I. M. (2016) ‘Do online social media cut through the constraints that limit the size of offline social networks ?’, Royal Society Open Science, 3(1), p. 150292. doi: 10.1098/rsos.150292.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C. and Lampe, C. (2007) ‘The benefits of facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites’, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), pp. 1143–1168. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x.
ETDA (2017) Thailand Internet User Profile 2017. Bangkok.
Galante, J. et al. (2018) ‘A mindfulness-based intervention to increase resilience to stress in university students (the Mindful Student Study): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial’, The Lancet Public Health, 3(2), pp. e72–e81.
Galla, B. M. (2016) ‘Within-person changes in mindfulness and self-compassion predict enhanced emotional well-being in healthy, but stressed adolescents’, Journal of Adolescence. Elsevier Ltd, 49, pp. 204–217. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.016.
Geertshuis, S. A. (2018) ‘Slaves to our emotions: Examining the predictive relationship between emotional well-being and academic outcomes’, Active Learning in Higher Education. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787418808932.
Hebbani, S. and Srinivasan, K. (2016) ‘“I take up more responsibilities for my family’s wellbeing” - A qualitative approach to the cultural aspects of resilience seen among young adults in Bengaluru, India’, Asian Journal of Psychiatry. Elsevier B.V., 22, pp. 28–33. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2016.04.003.
Hou, W. K. and Ng, S. M. (2014) ‘Emotion-focused positive rumination and relationship satisfaction as the underlying mechanisms between resilience and psychiatric symptoms’, Personality and Individual Differences. Elsevier Ltd, 71, pp. 159–164. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.032.
Jeon, H., Lee, K. and Kwon, S. (2016) ‘Investigation of the Structural Relationships Between Social Support , Subjective Well-Being in Korean Elite Student Athletes’, Psychological Reports, 0(0), pp. 1–16. doi: 10.1177/0033294116658226.
Kassis, W. et al. (2013) ‘Finding the way out: a non-dichotomous understanding of violence and depression resilience of adolescents who are exposed to family violence.’, Child abuse & neglect. Elsevier Ltd, 37(2–3), pp. 181–99. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.11.001.
Kelly, A. C. and Dupasquier, J. (2016) ‘Social safeness mediates the relationship between recalled parental warmth and the capacity for self-compassion and receiving compassion’, Personality and Individual Differences. Elsevier Ltd, 89, pp. 157–161. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.017.
Lee, H. and Choi, J. (2014) ‘Motivation, Reliance, and Diversity, of Social Media Use and Psychological Well-being : A Cross-cultural Analysis of Korea and the United States’, the 7th World Congress of Korean Studies conference, pp. 1–15.
Long, P. and Neff, K. D. (2018) ‘Self-compassion is associated with reduced self-presentation concerns and increased student communication behavior’, Learning and Individual Differences, 67, pp. 223–231.
Macaskill, A. (2013) ‘The mental health of university students in the United Kingdom’, British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 41(4), pp. 426–441.
Manca, S. and Ranieri, M. (2016) ‘Facebook and the others. Potentials and obstacles of Social Media for teaching in higher education’, Computers and Education. Elsevier Ltd, 95(February), pp. 216–230. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2016.01.012.
Marsh, I. C., Chan, S. W. Y. and Macbeth, A. (2017) ‘Self-compassion and Psychological Distress in Adolescents — a Meta-analysis’, Mindfulness. Mindfulness, pp. 1011–1027. doi: 10.1007/s12671-017-0850-7.
McGuire, M. and Downling, S. (2013) ‘Cyber crime : A review of the evidence Research Report 75’, (October), pp. 1–10.
McLaughlin, C. J. and Sillence, E. (2018) ‘Buffering against academic loneliness: The benefits of social media-based peer support during postgraduate study’, Active Learning in Higher Education. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787418799185.
Moreno, M. and Kota, R. (2014) Social media. third ed., Children, Adolescents, and the Media. third ed. California: SAGE Publications. doi: 10.1007/978-3-658-02096-5 ISBN.
Neff, K. D. (2003) ‘The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion’, Self and Identity, 2, pp. 223–250. doi: 10.1080/15298860390209035.
Neff, K. D. et al. (2018) ‘The forest and the trees: Examining the association of self-compassion and its positive and negative components with psychological functioning’, Self and Identity.
Neff, K. D. and Knox, M. C. (2016) ‘Self-compassion’, Mindfulness in Positive Psychology: The Science of Meditation and Wellbeing, 37. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1159-1.
Neff, K. D. and McGehee, P. (2010) ‘Self-compassion and Psychological Resilience Among Adolescents and Young Adults’, Self and Identity, 9(3), pp. 225–240. doi: 10.1080/15298860902979307.
Neff, K. D. and Seppälä, E. (2016) ‘Compassion, Well-Being, and the Hypo-egoic Self’, The Oxford Handbook of Hypo-egoic Phenomena, p. 189. Oxford University Press.
Neff, K. D. and Vonk, R. (2009) ‘Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: two different ways of relating to oneself.’, Journal of personality, 77(1), pp. 23–50. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x.
Neira, B., Corey, J. and Barber, B. L. (2014) ‘Social networking site use: Linked to adolescents’ social self-concept, self-esteem, and depressed mood’, Australian Journal of Psychology, 66(1), pp. 56–64. doi: 10.1111/ajpy.12034.
Office for National Statistics (2017) Internet access - households and individuals: 2017. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/householdcharacteristics/homeinternetandsocialmediausage/bulletins/internetaccesshouseholdsandindividuals/2015-08-06.
Ophir, Y. (2017) ‘SOS on SNS: Adolescent distress on social network sites’, Computers in Human Behavior. Elsevier Ltd, 68, pp. 51–55. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.025.
Pepping, C. A. et al. (2015) ‘Individual differences in self-compassion: The role of attachment and experiences of parenting in childhood.’, Self and Identity, 14(1), pp. 104–117. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2014.955050.
Rainey, E. E. et al. (2014) ‘Psychological factors predicting outcome after traumatic injury: the role of resilience.’, American journal of surgery. Elsevier Inc, 208(4), pp. 517–23. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2014.05.016.
Robertson, I. and Cooper, C. L. (2013) ‘Resilience.’, Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 29(3), pp. 175–6. doi: 10.1002/smi.2512.
Sampasa-Kanyinga, H. and Lewis, R. F. (2015) ‘Frequent Use of Social Networking Sites Is Associated with Poor Psychological Functioning Among Children and Adolescents.’, Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, 18(7), pp. 380–5. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2015.0055.
Swaminathan, A. et al. (2016) ‘Perceived stress and sources of stress among first-year medical undergraduate students in a private medical college – Tamil Nadu’, National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 6(1), pp. 9–14. doi: 10.5455/njppp.2015.5.1909201574.
Turner, M. et al. (2017) ‘Profiling resilience among construction management students: An international comparison’, Association of Researchers in Construction Management, ARCOM - 33rd Annual Conference 2017, Proceeding, (September), pp. 350–359.
Ungar, M., Russell, P. and Connelly, G. (2014) ‘School-based interventions to enhance the resilience of students. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology’, Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 4(1), pp. 66–83.
Valkenburg, P. M. and Peter, J. (2009) ‘Current Directions in Psychological Science Social Consequences of the Internet for Adolescents A Decade of Research’, Current directions in psychological science, 18(1), pp. 1–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01595.x.
Ziv, I. and Kiassi, M. (2015) ‘Facebook’s Contribution to Well-being among Adolescent and Young Adults as a Function of Mental Resilience.’, The Journal of psychology, 3980(April), pp. 1–15. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2015.1110556.
Auerbach, R. P. et al. (2018) ‘WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders’, Journal of abnormal psychology, 127(7), p. 623.
Barton, B. A. et al. (2018) ‘The effects of social media usage on attention, motivation, and academic performance’, Active Learning in Higher Education. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787418782817.
Best, P., Manktelow, R. and Taylor, B. (2014) ‘Online communication, social media and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review’, Children and Youth Services Review. Elsevier Ltd, 41, pp. 27–36. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.001.
Bluth, K. et al. (2016) ‘Age and Gender Differences in the Associations of Self-Compassion and Emotional Well-being in A Large Adolescent Sample’, Journal of Youth and Adolescence. Springer US, pp. 0–1. doi: 10.1007/s10964-016-0567-2.
Centre for mental health (2018). Available at: https://www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk/sites/default/files/2018-09/CentreforMentalHealth_Briefing_53_Social_Media.pdf.
Connor, K. M. and Davidson, J. R. T. (2003) ‘Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)’, Depression and anxiety, 18(2), pp. 76–82. doi: 10.1002/da.10113.
Deandrea, D. C. et al. (2012) ‘Serious social media: On the use of social media for improving students’ adjustment to college’, Internet and Higher Education, 15(1), pp. 15–23. doi: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.05.009.
Donovan, E. et al. (2016) ‘Brief report: Feasibility of a mindfulness and self-compassion based mobile intervention for adolescents’, Journal of adolescence. Elsevier Ltd, 53, pp. 217–221. doi: S0140-1971(16)30132-4 [pii].
Dunbar, R. I. M. (2016) ‘Do online social media cut through the constraints that limit the size of offline social networks ?’, Royal Society Open Science, 3(1), p. 150292. doi: 10.1098/rsos.150292.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C. and Lampe, C. (2007) ‘The benefits of facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites’, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), pp. 1143–1168. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x.
ETDA (2017) Thailand Internet User Profile 2017. Bangkok.
Galante, J. et al. (2018) ‘A mindfulness-based intervention to increase resilience to stress in university students (the Mindful Student Study): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial’, The Lancet Public Health, 3(2), pp. e72–e81.
Galla, B. M. (2016) ‘Within-person changes in mindfulness and self-compassion predict enhanced emotional well-being in healthy, but stressed adolescents’, Journal of Adolescence. Elsevier Ltd, 49, pp. 204–217. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.016.
Geertshuis, S. A. (2018) ‘Slaves to our emotions: Examining the predictive relationship between emotional well-being and academic outcomes’, Active Learning in Higher Education. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787418808932.
Hebbani, S. and Srinivasan, K. (2016) ‘“I take up more responsibilities for my family’s wellbeing” - A qualitative approach to the cultural aspects of resilience seen among young adults in Bengaluru, India’, Asian Journal of Psychiatry. Elsevier B.V., 22, pp. 28–33. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2016.04.003.
Hou, W. K. and Ng, S. M. (2014) ‘Emotion-focused positive rumination and relationship satisfaction as the underlying mechanisms between resilience and psychiatric symptoms’, Personality and Individual Differences. Elsevier Ltd, 71, pp. 159–164. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.032.
Jeon, H., Lee, K. and Kwon, S. (2016) ‘Investigation of the Structural Relationships Between Social Support , Subjective Well-Being in Korean Elite Student Athletes’, Psychological Reports, 0(0), pp. 1–16. doi: 10.1177/0033294116658226.
Kassis, W. et al. (2013) ‘Finding the way out: a non-dichotomous understanding of violence and depression resilience of adolescents who are exposed to family violence.’, Child abuse & neglect. Elsevier Ltd, 37(2–3), pp. 181–99. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.11.001.
Kelly, A. C. and Dupasquier, J. (2016) ‘Social safeness mediates the relationship between recalled parental warmth and the capacity for self-compassion and receiving compassion’, Personality and Individual Differences. Elsevier Ltd, 89, pp. 157–161. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.017.
Lee, H. and Choi, J. (2014) ‘Motivation, Reliance, and Diversity, of Social Media Use and Psychological Well-being : A Cross-cultural Analysis of Korea and the United States’, the 7th World Congress of Korean Studies conference, pp. 1–15.
Long, P. and Neff, K. D. (2018) ‘Self-compassion is associated with reduced self-presentation concerns and increased student communication behavior’, Learning and Individual Differences, 67, pp. 223–231.
Macaskill, A. (2013) ‘The mental health of university students in the United Kingdom’, British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 41(4), pp. 426–441.
Manca, S. and Ranieri, M. (2016) ‘Facebook and the others. Potentials and obstacles of Social Media for teaching in higher education’, Computers and Education. Elsevier Ltd, 95(February), pp. 216–230. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2016.01.012.
Marsh, I. C., Chan, S. W. Y. and Macbeth, A. (2017) ‘Self-compassion and Psychological Distress in Adolescents — a Meta-analysis’, Mindfulness. Mindfulness, pp. 1011–1027. doi: 10.1007/s12671-017-0850-7.
McGuire, M. and Downling, S. (2013) ‘Cyber crime : A review of the evidence Research Report 75’, (October), pp. 1–10.
McLaughlin, C. J. and Sillence, E. (2018) ‘Buffering against academic loneliness: The benefits of social media-based peer support during postgraduate study’, Active Learning in Higher Education. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787418799185.
Moreno, M. and Kota, R. (2014) Social media. third ed., Children, Adolescents, and the Media. third ed. California: SAGE Publications. doi: 10.1007/978-3-658-02096-5 ISBN.
Neff, K. D. (2003) ‘The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion’, Self and Identity, 2, pp. 223–250. doi: 10.1080/15298860390209035.
Neff, K. D. et al. (2018) ‘The forest and the trees: Examining the association of self-compassion and its positive and negative components with psychological functioning’, Self and Identity.
Neff, K. D. and Knox, M. C. (2016) ‘Self-compassion’, Mindfulness in Positive Psychology: The Science of Meditation and Wellbeing, 37. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1159-1.
Neff, K. D. and McGehee, P. (2010) ‘Self-compassion and Psychological Resilience Among Adolescents and Young Adults’, Self and Identity, 9(3), pp. 225–240. doi: 10.1080/15298860902979307.
Neff, K. D. and Seppälä, E. (2016) ‘Compassion, Well-Being, and the Hypo-egoic Self’, The Oxford Handbook of Hypo-egoic Phenomena, p. 189. Oxford University Press.
Neff, K. D. and Vonk, R. (2009) ‘Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: two different ways of relating to oneself.’, Journal of personality, 77(1), pp. 23–50. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x.
Neira, B., Corey, J. and Barber, B. L. (2014) ‘Social networking site use: Linked to adolescents’ social self-concept, self-esteem, and depressed mood’, Australian Journal of Psychology, 66(1), pp. 56–64. doi: 10.1111/ajpy.12034.
Office for National Statistics (2017) Internet access - households and individuals: 2017. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/householdcharacteristics/homeinternetandsocialmediausage/bulletins/internetaccesshouseholdsandindividuals/2015-08-06.
Ophir, Y. (2017) ‘SOS on SNS: Adolescent distress on social network sites’, Computers in Human Behavior. Elsevier Ltd, 68, pp. 51–55. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.025.
Pepping, C. A. et al. (2015) ‘Individual differences in self-compassion: The role of attachment and experiences of parenting in childhood.’, Self and Identity, 14(1), pp. 104–117. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2014.955050.
Rainey, E. E. et al. (2014) ‘Psychological factors predicting outcome after traumatic injury: the role of resilience.’, American journal of surgery. Elsevier Inc, 208(4), pp. 517–23. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2014.05.016.
Robertson, I. and Cooper, C. L. (2013) ‘Resilience.’, Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 29(3), pp. 175–6. doi: 10.1002/smi.2512.
Sampasa-Kanyinga, H. and Lewis, R. F. (2015) ‘Frequent Use of Social Networking Sites Is Associated with Poor Psychological Functioning Among Children and Adolescents.’, Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, 18(7), pp. 380–5. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2015.0055.
Swaminathan, A. et al. (2016) ‘Perceived stress and sources of stress among first-year medical undergraduate students in a private medical college – Tamil Nadu’, National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 6(1), pp. 9–14. doi: 10.5455/njppp.2015.5.1909201574.
Turner, M. et al. (2017) ‘Profiling resilience among construction management students: An international comparison’, Association of Researchers in Construction Management, ARCOM - 33rd Annual Conference 2017, Proceeding, (September), pp. 350–359.
Ungar, M., Russell, P. and Connelly, G. (2014) ‘School-based interventions to enhance the resilience of students. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology’, Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 4(1), pp. 66–83.
Valkenburg, P. M. and Peter, J. (2009) ‘Current Directions in Psychological Science Social Consequences of the Internet for Adolescents A Decade of Research’, Current directions in psychological science, 18(1), pp. 1–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01595.x.
Ziv, I. and Kiassi, M. (2015) ‘Facebook’s Contribution to Well-being among Adolescent and Young Adults as a Function of Mental Resilience.’, The Journal of psychology, 3980(April), pp. 1–15. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2015.1110556.