Converting training ships into pioneer ships: A policy for regional equity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285338Keywords:
Conversion, Pioneer ship, Training ship, Sea transportationAbstract
Maritime transportation serves to support inter-island connectivity within an extensive archipelagic region. Pioneer ships are expected to reach remote, frontier, underdeveloped, and border areas according to the routes needed by communities. Although there are many requests for pioneer ship routes that need evaluation, this situation has been addressed by the Directorate of Sea Transportation by maximizing the function and duties of training ships as educational tools for prospective maritime officers into asset utilization as pioneer ships for public service activities. The purpose of this research is to analyze problem-oriented policies to determine their utilization level and appropriate problem mapping, then formulate effective strategies to support the sustainability of these policies. A descriptive qualitative method was employed to describe in detail the implementation of policies that have been ongoing since 2022, based on Indonesia’s transportation framework Sistem Transportasi Nasional (SISTRANAS), for 7 converted ships. IPA quadrant was employed to detect service users' perceptions of providers and operators, and strategy formulation used SWOT analysis, supported by the results of discussion forums involving policymakers, experts, and service users. The analysis revealed that the indicators of accessibility, security, perceived benefits, operational smoothness, and pollution were classified as low priority. Conversely, the indicators of quality, service tariffs, punctuality, safety, regularity, travel speed, and efficiency were categorized as overutilized, with capacity identified as the only indicator demonstrating consistent performance. The positioning in Quadrant I, reflected by a positive vector score (x = 2.00; y = 1.98), indicates that a more assertive strategy is required, focusing on the optimization of existing facilities, and supported by clear regulatory frameworks that ensure equitable benefits for all stakeholders.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cite this article:
APA Style:
Mafrisal, Rahman, F. A., Putri, I. A., Mallisa, S. V., & Arleiny. (2026). Converting training ships into pioneer ships: A policy for regional equity. Maritime Technology and Research, 8(3), 285338. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285338
MDPI Style:
Mafrisal; Rahman, F. A.; Putri, I. A.; Mallisa, S. V.; Arleiny. Converting training ships into pioneer ships: A policy for regional equity. Marit. Technol. Res. 2026, 8, 285338. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285338
Vancouver Style:
Mafrisal, Rahman FA, Putri IA, Mallisa SV, Arleiny. (2026). Converting training ships into pioneer ships: A policy for regional equity. Marit. Technol. Res. 8(3):285338. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2026.285338
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Highlights
- The conversion of seven maritime training vessels into pioneer ships as a national policy for equitable public service has not been comprehensively studied.
- Island and remote regions are highly vulnerable to economic growth disruptions, making this governmental intervention both timely and accurate.
- By integrating National Transportation System indicators with user assessment and strategic formulation, this study proposes a problem-oriented policy framework.
- An assessment of 13 public service indicators shows that the converted ships achieve the highest performance scores despite being training vessels.
- The study highlights that human resource competency transformation and compliance with STCW and ISM Code are key determinants of policy success.
References
Afandi, M. C., & Hartatik, N. (2024). Analysis of passenger satisfaction level towards comfort and safety at Larangan Sidoarjo terminal using the Ipa (Importance perfomance analysis) method. Scientech Research and Development Journal, 6(1), 352-362. https://doi.org/10.56670/jsrd.v6i1.353
Ahmed, Y. A., Theotokatos, G., Maslov, I., Wennersberg, L. A. L., & Nesheim, D. A. (2024). Regulatory and legal frameworks recommendations for short sea shipping maritime autonomous surface ships. Marine Policy, 166, 106226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106226
AlHakim, M. R., & Chandra, Y. U. (2024). Indonesian language learning application as the key to equalizing educational development in Indonesia, especially in remote, outermost, and underdeveloped areas (3T) (pp. 36-41). In Proceedings of the 10th International HCI and UX Conference, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1109/CHIuXiD64022.2024.10860643
Alzate, P., Isaza, G. A., Toro, E. M., Jaramillo-Garzón, J. A., Hernandez, S., Jurado, I., & Hernandez, D. (2024). Operational efficiency and sustainability in smart ports: A comprehensive review. Marine Systems & Ocean Technology, 19(1), 120-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40868-024-00142-z
Amin, C., Hasyim, A. W., Sunan, M., Hilman, R. M., & Fahmiasari, H. (2024). Impact of increasing local economic capacity on reducing maritime logistics costs in Island Province of Eastern Indonesia: A dynamic system approach. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 27, 101195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2024.101195
Annas, L., Hamzah, B., & Natalia, V. V. (2024). Traditional shipping service: Crew and passengers' understanding of safety and security implementation (Cased study: Maccini Baji Port, Pangkep Regency). Pakistan Journal of Life & Social Sciences, 22(2), 1635. https://doi.org/10.57239/PJLSS-2024-22.2.001635
Boile, M., Theofanis, S., Perra, V. M., & Kitsios, X. (2023). Coastal shipping during the pandemic: Spatial assessment of the demand for passenger maritime transport. Frontiers in Future Transportation, 4, 1025078. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffutr.2023.1025078
Candra, M. (2025). Maritime governance transformation in Riau Islands: Analysis of policy implementation and marine management issues. KEMUDI: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 10(1), 106-116. https://doi.org/10.31629/kemudi.v10i1.7498
Devintasari, D. V., Yunianto, I. T., Ardhi, E. W., & Rahman, I. M. (2022). Synchronization model of sea transport scheduling of pioneer ship and sea toll: Case study at Maluku. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 972(1), 012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/972/1/012006
Dirani, F., & Ponomarenko, T. (2021). Contractual systems in the oil and gas sector: Current status and development. Energies, 14(17), 5497. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175497
Dollah, R., Nor Ahmad, H. N. A., Wan Hassan, W. S., Maraining, A., Jafar, A., & Abdullah, K. (2025). Maritime security and regional interdependence in the tri-border area: Malaysia’s experience in the Sulu-Celebes sea. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2025.2605871
Donesia, E. A., Widodo, P., Saragih, H. J. R., & Suwarno, P. (2023). The concept of the blue economy in the development of coastal areas and marine tourism in Indonesia. Jurnal Kewarganegaraan, 7(2), 1950-1959. https://doi.org/10.69888/FTSSSL.2025.000495
Duong, P. A., Ryu, B. R., Jung, J., & Kang, H. (2024). A comprehensive review of the establishment of safety zones and quantitative risk analysis during ship-to-ship LNG bunkering. Energies, 17(2), 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020512
Endika, Y. (2025). Green governance in maritime infrastructure development East Java as the new gateway of a sustainable Nusantara. Priviet Social Sciences Journal, 5(12), 469-483 https://doi.org/10.55942/pssj.v5i12.778
Fahrudin, F., Hattab, S., & Ahsan, S. C. (2024). Implementation of the pioneer sea transportation service policy at Class II Teluk Palu Port, Central Sulawesi Province. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia, 10(4), 515-528. https://doi.org/10.29210/020243971
Fauzi, I., Airawati, M. N., Cholishoh, E., & Murtiaji, C. (2024). The development and challenges of sea tolls in supporting Indonesia’s vision 2045. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3145(1), 020040. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214511
Gupta, K. V., & Prakash, G. (2023). Assessment of environmental sustainability issues for South-Asian maritime ports. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, 15(2), 154-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2022.2038903
Gurning, R. H., Dendra, F. G., & Shalihah, A. R. (2024). Analysis of the effect of quay container crane available on dwelling time at Jakarta international container terminal. Jurnal Teknologi dan Manajemen, 22(2), 65-70. https://doi.org/10.52330/jtm.v22i2.309
Hadi, E. S., Tuswan, T., Azizah, G., Ali, B., Samuel, S., Hakim, M. L., Hadi, M. R. C. P., Iqbal, M., Sari, D. P., & Satrio, D. (2023). Influence of the canal width and depth on the resistance of 750 DWT Perintis ship using CFD simulation. Brodogradnja: An International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering for Research and Development, 74(1), 117-144. https://doi.org/10.21278/brod74107
Hadiningrat, K. S. S., Wiradanti, B., & Umar, Y. F. (2024). Transformation of Indonesian sea transportation and maritime logistics to realize the vision of golden Indonesia 2045. Jipower: Journal of Intellectual Power, 1(1), 89-107. https://doi.org/10.63786/jipower.v1i1.6
Han, T., Wan, Y., & Yang, D. (2025). Enhancing maritime cost Analysis: Identifying opportunities for cross-industry insights. Transport Policy, 171, 1050-1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.07.034
Hartati, D. V., Sulastriani, R., & Nurmala, E. (2024). Influential factors affecting sea transportation services to enhance customer satisfaction. ALTAIR: Jurnal Transportasi dan Bahari, 1(1), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.62554/gbm3p709
Hermanto, H., Fahriza, B., Marina, S., Alfaridi, N., & Mustikasari, M. (2025). The role of INSW web system quality in moderating the influence of port services on satisfaction and its impact on service user trust at PT Krakatau Bandar Samudera. Ranah Research: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 8(1), 33-45. https://doi.org/10.38035/rrj.v8i1.1902
Hidayat, B. A., Supartoyo, Y. H., Setiawan, S., Ragimun, R., & Salim, Z. (2024). Government infrastructure investment stimulation through booming natural resources: Evidence from a lower-middle-income country. Plos One, 19(5), e0301710. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301710
Hou, M., Li, Y., Xie, M., Wang, S., & Wang, T. (2023). Monitoring vessel deadweight tonnage for maritime transportation surveillance using high resolution satellite image. Ocean & Coastal Management, 239, 106607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106607
Hudalah, D., Octifanny, Y., Talitha, T., Firman, T., & Phelps, N. A. (2024). From metropolitanization to megaregionalization: Intentionality in the urban restructuring of Java’s North Coast, Indonesia. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 44(1), 292-306. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X20967405
Humang, W. P., Utomo, D. P., Putra, H., Arianto, D., Pujiwat, R., Upahita, D. P., Fitriana, N., Salsabilla, M. A., Hendra, Y. N. R., Nurhidayat, A. Y., Putri, M. N., Saputro, M. I. A., Santoso, A., Singgih, I. K., Prayogo, D. N., Hapsari, I., Novawanda, O., Soegiharto, S., & Arlianto, J. A. (2025). Hub-and-spoke network design to optimize government subsidy costs for maritime transportation in Indonesia. Sustainable Futures, 9, 100602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100602
Jayawibawa, M. H. (2024). Empowering archipelago regional laws: A legal analysis of their role in promoting equal development and enhancing the well-being of people in Indonesia. PENA LAW: International Journal of Law, 2(2), 175. https://doi.org/10.56107/penalaw.v2i2.175
Jinca, M. Y., Ali, M. S. S., & Asdar, M. (2024). Strategies for enhancing inter-island transportation performance in Makassar, Indonesia: An integrated planning approach. International Journal of Transport Development and Integration, 8(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijtdi.080107
Kamaci, K. (2025). Green logistics and strategies for reducing carbon footprints: Global trends and the Turkish perspective. Anatolia Social Research Journal, 4(2), 24-36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17455264
Kishore, L., Pai, Y. P., Ghosh, B. K., & Pakkan, S. (2024). Maritime shipping ports performance: A systematic literature review. Discover Sustainability, 5(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-024-00299-y
Lau, Y. Y., Chen, Q., Poo, M. C. P., Ng, A. K., & Ying, C. C. (2024). Maritime transport resilience: A systematic literature review on the current state of the art, research agenda and future research directions. Ocean & Coastal Management, 251, 107086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107086
Lazim, A., Arisusanty, D. J., Asdiana, F., Rakhman, R. A., & Khaqiqi, A. S. (2025). Analysis of the effectiveness and optimization of the implementation of public service operations of pioneer ships:(Case study: Ambon Base, Maluku province). Journal of Business, Finance, and Economics, 6(1), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.32585/jbfe.v6i1.6603
Magunna, A. (2024). Charting waters: The private sector’s evolving governance role in Southeast Asian maritime security. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 78(3), 306-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2024.2337013
Mantoro, B., Indrawan, R., Octora, T. Y., & Saputra, D. (2025). Implementation of Indonesia ship reporting system (IndoSRep) in the archipelagic sea lanes passage of Indonesia (ALKI). KnE Social Sciences, 10(18), 326-344. 10.18502/kss.v10i18.19468
Ministry of Transportation, Republic of Indonesia. (2024). Regulation of the Minister of Transportation No. KM 49/2005 concerning the National Transportation System (SISTRANAS). Ministry of Transportation, Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved from https://jdih.perhubungan.go.id
Mubarok, I., Arimby, N. L., Hidayatin, I., Akbar, P. M., & Mardiono, I. (2024). Evaluation of the quality of financial institutions' services using the servqual and importance performance analysis (IPA) methods. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Innovation, 1(1), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.30595/jrst.v8i2.18677
Nasrullah, M. N. C. H. (2025). Maritime connectivity and economic inclusion: A decade of Indonesia’s sea toll program. Sinergi International Journal of Logistics, 3(3), 180-189. https://doi.org/10.61194/sijl.v3i3.890
Naufal, M. N. (2024). Implementation of government policy on Inter-Island connectivity through sea transportation in Tambelan. WEDANA: Journal of Government, Politics and Bureaucratic Studies, 10(1), 24-32. https://doi.org/10.25299/wedana.2024.13524
Ningrat, A., & Tahir, A. (2024). Optimizing container crane performance: Enhancing loading and unloading productivity at PT. Kaltim Kariangau Terminal. Indonesian Journal of Maritime Technology, 2(2), 1264. https://doi.org/10.35718/ismatech.v2i2.1264
Peng, Y., Han, X., Ye, Y., & Fan, R. (2025). From national rules to global norms: Aligning China’s L2 autonomous ship regulations with the IMO MASS Code. Laws, 14(5), 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14050065
Pratama, R. A., Arisusanty, D. J., Asdiana, F., Nofandi, F., & Amrullah, R. A. (2025). Analysis of the effectiveness of the implementation of the T-26 route sea toll program in 2024 in reducing price disparity in Fakfak Regency, West Papua. Jural Riset Rumpun Ilmu Teknik, 4(1), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.55606/jurritek.v4i1.4535
Preto Fernández, B., Paleo Mosquera, N., Filgueira-Vizoso, A., Yáñez Brage, R., & Castro-Santos, L. (2024). Competitiveness factors of a shipyard in the era of new uses of oceans. Journal of Eta Maritime Science, 12(1), 36-49. https://doi.org/10.4274/jems.2023.91249
Priatno, D. H., & Sunaryo. (2020). Study of pioneer sea transportation’s safety with formal safety assessment method. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 557(1), 012016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/557/1/012016
Rahayu, L., Busscher, T., Tillema, T., & Woltjer, J. (2024). Maritime transport governance challenges in the Global South. Marine Policy, 163, 106147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106147
Rahman, F. A., Yuntoro, K., Zainuri, M., & Widada, S. (2025). Anthropogenic analysis of the interests of service provider users with parameters of Pekalongan Port water health. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 29(1), 665-679. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2025.406255
Rahman, I. M., & Wirjodirdjo, B. (2025). The impact of subsidized maritime transport connectivity on social welfare in Eastern Indonesia: A system dynamic approach. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1461(1), 012025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1461/1/012025
Ruhayu, Y., Lukman, A., Rusnaedi, R., Sudarman, S., & Setiawati, A. (2025). Load factor analysis of Km. Amukti Palapa on the Bima-Calabay-Labuan Lombok-Sailus Island-Sapukabalobaloan-Makassar Island Route. Jurnal Sosial Teknologi, 5(6), 2004-2010. https://doi.org/10.59188/jurnalsostech.v5i6.32304
Sari, C. P., & Gladys, F. (2024). Analisis Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia Dalam Bidang Hidro-Oseanografi: Peran Pushidrosal Pada Forum IHO 2018-2023. Journal of Syntax Literate, 9(11), 52322. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v9i11.52322
Salossa, V. F., Ibrahim, M. A., & Musa'ad, M. (2025). Stakeholder participation in multilevel governance of maritime transportation development through special autonomy funds in Southwest Papua province. KnE Social Sciences, 10(18), 1417-1428. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v10i18.19570
Şahin, K., & Kırval, L. (2025). Sovereignty race for resources in the international seas and areas beyond the National Jurisdiction of States (Including airspace and space): A transnational security theory. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 132-155. https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.1608762
Sihombing, R., Tawekal, R. L., Muin, M., & Zukhruf, F. (2025). Stochastic optimization model for port infrastructure planning considering uncertainties in wave and vessel arrival times. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2025.03.004
Singh, S., & Ballini, F. (2025). Socio-economic impacts of maritime GHG emission control measures on sustainable development in SIDS: Insights from a systematic literature review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 214, 117687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117687
Suroyo, S., Laim, B. F. N., Milanda, D. Y., & Nurdiantoro, A. A. (2023). Strategy for utilizing the training ship Frans Kaisiepo as a pioneer ship to support the Sea Toll Program. Jurnal Patria Bahari, 3(2), 112. https://doi.org/10.54017/jpb.v3i2.112
Sjafrie, N. D. M., Hernawan, U. E., Wicaksono, P., Yuwono, D. M., Adi, N. S., Hafizt, M., Selamat, M. B., Prayudha, B., Harahap, S. D., Salsabila, H. N., Wijaya, J., Sani, S. Y., Ambo-Rappe, R., & Roelfsema, C. (2026). A framework for an effective nationwide seagrass data collection: A case study for Indonesia. Ocean & Coastal Management, 271, 107968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107968
Taharuddin, Fitri, I., Badaruddin, & Lubis, S. N. (2025). Factors influencing the opening of regional shipping routes in the Aceh Region to enhance regional development and global connectivity. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1452(1), 012046. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1452/1/012046
Tsvetkova, A., & Gammelgaard, B. (2025). Social-ecological resilience in extreme natural environments: A multiple case study of Arctic offshore supply ecosystems. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 45(2), 463-492. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-08-2023-0627
Tohardi, A. (2020). Qualitative policy research model “Tohardi”. Journal of Public Administration and Sociology of Development, 1(1), 58-77. https://doi.org/10.26418/jpasdev.v1i1.41615
Veltsin, N., Chountalas, P. T., Koutsouki, E., Karvounidi, M. D., & Fousteris, A. E. (2025). Modeling human critical success factors for maritime safety: A DEMATEL approach. Safety Science, 189, 106886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106886
Wuwung, L., McIlgorm, A., & Voyer, M. (2024). Sustainable ocean development policies in Indonesia: Paving the pathways towards a maritime destiny. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, 1401332. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1401332
Xiao, G., Wang, Y., Wu, R., Li, J., & Cai, Z. (2024). Sustainable maritime transport: A review of intelligent shipping technology and green port construction applications. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(10), 1728. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12101728
Yanwar, S. G., & Suhartini, S. (2024). Public service quality analysis using service quality and importance performance analysis methods at the Soko District Office, Tuban Regency. Jurnal Riset Sains dan Teknologi, 8(2), 115-126. https://doi.org/10.30595/jrst.v8i2.18677
Zulmarjon, Z. M., & Sahara, S. (2023). Evaluation of tariff setting strategies to increase passenger ship revenue. EKONOMIKA45: Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi Bisnis, Kewirausahaan, 10(2), 445-454. https://doi.org/10.30640/ekonomika45.v10i2.1934
Zukhruf, F., Nugroho, T. S., Maulana, A., Perkasa, L., Gunawan, S., & Harahap, F. N. M. (2025). Expanding the pioneer shipping route for vaccine distribution: A reinforcement learning-based approach. Journal of International Logistics and Trade. https://doi.org/10.1108/JILT-07-2025-0067
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Maritime Technology and Research

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0



