Development of a Model for Empowering Teacher Job Performance in Private Primary Schools of Henan Province, China
Keywords:
Workplace Spirituality, Workplace Allies, Workplace well-being, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Job PerformanceAbstract
The job performance of primary school teachers significantly impacts the quality of primary education. However, private primary school teachers in China often exhibit subpar job performance. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate ways to enhance private primary school teachers' workplace environment and behavioral factors in China to improve their job performance. This research explored the relationship, path, and mechanism between five variables: workplace spirituality, workplace allies, workplace well-being, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and job performance. The research employed a questionnaire survey method targeting private primary school teachers in Henan Province, China. In total, 457 questionnaires were distributed using a random stratified sampling method, with 416 considered valid.
The findings showed that workplace spirituality, allies, well-being, and organizational citizenship behavior positively influenced job performance by constructing a structural equation model and data analysis using Smart-PLS3.0 and SPSS27.0. Furthermore, workplace spirituality and workplace allies mediated the relationship between job performance through workplace well-being and OCB.
In conclusion, the research revealed the significant impact of workplace spirituality, workplace allies, workplace well-being, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior on the job performance of primary school teachers, offering theoretical and practical guidance for enhancing their work efficiency. However, there were limitations, including restrictions in sample selection and reliance on a single data source. Therefore, future research could further expand the sample size, adopt diverse data collection methods, and consider the effects of other potential variables to obtain more comprehensive and accurate findings.
References
Arnett, E. B., Hein, C. D., Schirmacher, M. R., Huso, M. M., & Szewczak, J. M. (2013). Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Ultrasonic Acoustic Deterrent for Reducing Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines. PLoS ONE, 8(6), e65794.
Ashmos, D. P., & Duchon, D. (2000). Spirituality at work: A conceptualization and measure. Journal of management inquiry, 9(2), 134-145.
Bartels, A. L., Peterson, S. J., & Reina, C. S. (2019). Understanding well-being at work: Development and validation of the eudaimonic workplace well-being scale. PLoS ONE, 14(4), 1-21.
Blau, P. (2017). Exchange and power in social life. Routledge.
Bogler, R., & Somech, A. (2023). Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) above and beyond: Teachers' OCB during COVID-19. Teaching and teacher education, 130, 1-11.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human performance, 10(2), 99-109.
Chen, H., & Eyoun, K. (2021). Do mindfulness and perceived organizational support work? Fear of COVID-19 on restaurant frontline employees’ job insecurity and emotional exhaustion. International journal of hospitality management, 94, 1-9.
Chen, Z. (2023). Changes in political discourse related to technology in the reports of the 20th and 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: A critical discourse analysis based on corpus linguistics. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 14, 416-423.
Cheng, C., Ren, X., Dong, K., Dong, X., & Wang, Z. (2021). How does technological innovation mitigate CO2 emissions in OECD countries? Heterogeneous analysis using panel quantile regression. Journal of Environmental Management, 280, 111818.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336.
Collins, J. C., Zhang, P., & Sisco, S. (2021). Everyone is invited: Leveraging bystander intervention and ally development to cultivate social justice in the workplace. Human Resource Development Review, 20(4), 486-511.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Springer Science & Business Media.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological bulletin, 125(2), 276-302.
Dong, Y., Shao, B., Lou, B., Ni, C., & Wu, X. (2022). Status and development of online education platforms in the post-epidemic era. Procedia Computer Science, 202, 55-60.
EDHP. (2022). Statistical Bulletin on the Development of Education in Henan Province. https://www.henan.gov.cn/2023/03-24/2712955.html
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of applied psychology, 71(3), 500-507.
Hair Jr, J., Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage publications.
Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American journal of sociology, 63(6), 597-606.
Horn, J. E., Taris, T. W., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schreurs, P. J. (2004). The structure of occupational well‐being: A study among Dutch teachers. Journal of occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(3), 365-375.
Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic management journal, 20(2), 195-204.
Indarti, S., Fernandes, A. A. R., & Hakim, W. (2017). The effect of OCB in relationship between personality, organizational commitment and job satisfaction on performance. Journal of Management Development, 36(10), 1283-1293.
Jacoby, J. (2002). Stimulus‐organism‐response reconsidered: an evolutionary step in modeling (consumer) behavior. Journal of consumer psychology, 12(1), 51-57.
Jena, L. K. (2022). Does workplace spirituality lead to raising employee performance? The role of citizenship behavior and emotional intelligence. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 30(6), 1309-1334.
Katebi, A., HajiZadeh, M. H., Bordbar, A., & Salehi, A. M. (2022). The relationship between “job satisfaction” and “job performance”: A meta-analysis. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 23(1), 21-42.
Kim, M. J., Lee, C.-K., & Jung, T. (2020). Exploring consumer behavior in virtual reality tourism using an extended stimulus-organism-response model. Journal of travel research, 59(1), 69-89.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement, 30(3), 607-610.
Li, Y., He, L., & Huang, N. (2023). A Study of Current Situation of Knowledge, Attitude, Beliefs and Practices of “Double Reduction” Policy Among Primary and Secondary School Teachers in Chenzhou City. In Modern Management Based on Big Data IV (pp. 289-301). IOS Press.
Liang, W., Song, H., & Sun, R. (2022). Can a professional learning community facilitate teacher well-being in China? The mediating role of teaching self-efficacy. Educational Studies, 48(3), 358-377.
Liu, J. (2021). Exploring teacher attrition in urban China through interplay of wages and well-being. Education and Urban Society, 53(7), 807-830.
Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. the MIT Press.
Meira, J. V. d. S., & Hancer, M. (2021). Using the social exchange theory to explore the employee-organization relationship in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(2), 670-692.
Motowidlo, S. J. (2003). Job performance. Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology, 12(4), 39-53.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington books/DC heath and com.
Pandey, A., Gupta, R. K., & Arora, A. (2009). Spiritual climate of business organizations and its impact on customers’ experience. Journal of business ethics, 88, 313-332.
Penttinen, V., Pakarinen, E., von Suchodoletz, A., & Lerkkanen, M.-K. (2020). Relations between kindergarten teachers’ occupational well-being and the quality of teacher-child interactions. Early education and development, 31(7), 994-1010.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of management, 26(3), 513-563.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford publications.
Sheep, M. L. (2006). Nurturing the whole person: The ethics of workplace spirituality in a society of organizations. Journal of business ethics, 66, 357-375.
Shiau, W.-L., Sarstedt, M., & Hair, J. F. (2019). Internet research using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Internet Research, 29(3), 398-406.
Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. Sociological Methodology, 290–312.
Tenenhaus, M., Vinzi, V.E., Chatelin, Y.M., Lauro, C. (2005). PLS path modeling. Comput Stat. Data Anal, 48(1), 159-205.
UTAMI, N. M. S., SAPTA, I. K. S., VERAWATI, Y., & ASTAKONI, I. M. P. (2021). Relationship between workplace spirituality, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(1), 507-517.
Wang, C. S., Whitson, J. A., King, B. G., & Ramirez, R. L. (2023). Social movements, collective identity, and workplace allies: The labeling of gender equity policy changes. Organization science, 34(6), 2508-2525.
Wang, P., Yao, Y., Jiang, Y., & Li, Y. (2024). Learning Spirituality, Well-being and Organizational Citizenship Behavior on Learning Engagement with SDT. Public Health Policy and Laws Journal, 10(1), 63-78.
Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schröder, G., Van Oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: guidelines and empirical illustration. MIS Q., 33(1), 177–195.
Wut, T. M., Xu, J., & Lee, S. W. (2022). Does Gender Matter? Effect of Colleagues’ Support on Work Engagement of Salespeople. Sustainability, 14(12), 1-13.
Xin, S., Lang, X., Sheng, L., & Zhao, Z. (2021). Changes of teachers’ subjective well-being in mainland China (2002~ 2019): The perspective of cross-temporal meta-analysis. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 53(8), 875-889.
Xu, S., Wang, Y.-C., & Ma, E. (2022). A workplace-driven model on the formation of OCB-C: perspectives of social exchange theory and agency theory. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(7), 2684-2703.
Zhao, X. X., Wen, J., Zou, X. Y., Wang, Q. j., & Chang, C. P. (2023). Strategies for the sustainable development of China in the post‐epidemic era. Sustainable Development, 31(1), 426-438.
Zheng, M. (2023). China plans to strike a balance between socio-economic development and anti-COVID-19 policy: Report from the 20th national congress of China. Journal of Infection, 86(2), 154-225.
Zou, W., Zeng, Y., Peng, Q., Xin, Y., Chen, J., & Houghton, J. D. (2020). The influence of spiritual leadership on the subjective well‐being of Chinese registered nurses. Journal of nursing management, 28(6), 1432-1442.
