Development of a Psychological Capital Model for Administrators of Private Universities in Hunan Province, China
Keywords:
Psychological Capital, Job Satisfaction, Work Engagement, Organizational Commitment, Organizational Support, Organizational Justice, Organizational Climate, Intervention Training ProgramAbstract
People who work in educational institutions do experience stress, burnout and other negative experiences as result of taking on a large amount of work, whereby the crises and challenges faced by people in educational organizations are no less than those faced by people in industrial organizations. Psychological capital is regarded as an important concept that helps employees cope with their working environments and contributes to the success of the organization. This study is designed to explore the antecedents
and consequences of administrators’ psychological capital, and establish a relevant relationship model. The data of 303 valid questionnaire responses from online survey of administrators at private universities in Hunan, China, was analyzed utilizing structural equation modeling. Research findings demonstrated that organizational support, organizational justice, and organizational climate have positive correlation with psychological capital as antecedent variables, and psychological capital has positive association with its consequences such as organizational commitment, work engagement and job satisfaction. To improve psychological capital, an intervention training program was developed and applied towards 30 administrators at a private university of Hunan. The results of a semi-experimental research design revealed that the program significantly improved psychological capital (p = 0.003). The SEM model from the results and the effectiveness of training program for improving administrators’ psychological capital can supply administrators and policy makers in private universities, and researchers in this field with implications and recommendations. These insights provide valuable recommendations for enhancing administrators’ psychological capital through targeted interventions.
References
Aarons, G. A., & Sawitzky, A. C. (2006). Organizational climate partially mediates the effect of culture on work attitudes and staff turnover in mental health services. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 33, 289-301.
Abbas, M., & Raja, U. (2015). Impact of psychological capital on innovative performance and job stress. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 32(2), 128-138.
Alagaraja, M., Rose, K., Shuck, B., & Bergman, M. (2015). Unpacking organizational alignment: The view from theory and practice. Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership, 13(1), 18-31.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1-18.
Avey, J. B. (2014). The left side of psychological capital: New evidence on the antecedents of PsyCap. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 21(2), 141-149.
Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F. (2011). Experimentally analyzing the impact of leader positivity on follower positivity and performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 282-294.
Avey, J. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127-152.
Bakker, A. B. (2017). Strategic and proactive approaches to work engagement. Organizational Dynamics, 46(2), 67-75.
Beal III, L., Stavros, J. M., & Cole, M. L. (2013). Effect of psychological capital and resistance to change on organizational citizenship behavior. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 39(2), 1-11.
Bergheim, K., Nielsen, M. B., Mearns, K., & Eid, J. (2015). The relationship between psychological capital, job satisfaction, and safety perceptions in the maritime industry. Safety Science, 74, 27-36.
Burhanuddin, N. A. N., Ahmad, N. A., Said, R. R., & Asimiran, S. (2019). A systematic review of the psychological capital (PsyCap) research development: Implementation and gaps. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 8(3), 133-150.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336.
Costantini, A., De Paola, F., Ceschi, A., Sartori, R., Meneghini, A. M., & Di Fabio, A. (2017). Work engagement and psychological capital in the Italian public administration: A new resource-based intervention programme. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 43(1), 1-11.
Demir, S. (2018). The relationship between psychological capital and stress, anxiety, burnout, job satisfaction, and job involvement. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 75, 137-153.
Dwivedi, R. K. (2022). Analysing the quality of public and private higher educational institution in China. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 4840-4851. https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S09.602
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. J. Marketing Res. 18(3), 382-388.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden–and–build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 359(1449), 1367-1377.
Frisbie, K., & Converso, J. (2016). Organizational resilience and enrollment trends of independent, for-profit higher education institutions. Work, 54(2), 295–308.
Greenberg, F. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16(2), 399-432.
Hadian, D. (2017), The relationship organizational culture and organizational commitment on public service quality; perspective local government in Bandung, Indonesia. International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(1), 230-237.
Hair, J.F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M (2014). “Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling,” in Handbook of Market Research Homburg, ed. K.a.M. C., Vomberg, A. Cham. (UK: Springer), 1-40.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24.
Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American journal of sociology, 63(6), 597-606.
Hu, R. N., & Liu, P. (2021). The Evolution, Dilemma and Development of Private Colleges and Universities in China in the New Era. Decision and Information, 9, 80-89.
Hui, Q., Cao, X., Lou, L., & He, H. (2014). Empirical research on the influence of organizational support on psychological capital. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 4(4), 182-189
Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic management journal, 20(2), 195-204.
Huynh, T. N., & Hua, N. T. A. (2020). The relationship between task-oriented leadership style, psychological capital, job satisfaction and organizational commitment: evidence from Vietnamese small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 17(4), 583-604.
Joo, B. K., Lim, D. H., & Kim, S. (2016). Enhancing work engagement: The roles of psychological capital, authentic leadership, and work empowerment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(8), 1117-1134.
Kaplan, M., & Biçkes, D. M. (2013). The relationship between psychological capital and job satisfaction: A study of hotel businesses in Nevşehi. Journal of Management & Economics/ Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 20(2), 233-242.
Karatepe, O. M., & Karadas, G. (2015). Do psychological capital and work engagement foster frontline employees’ satisfaction? A study in the hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(6), 1254-1278.
Kong, F., Tsai, C. H., Tsai, F. S., Huang, W., & De la Cruz, S. M. (2018). Psychological capital research: A meta-analysis and implications for management sustainability. Sustainability, 10(10), 3457.
Kurtessis, J. N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. C., Stewart, K. A., & Adis, C. S. (2017). Perceived organizational support: A meta-analytic evaluation of organizational support theory. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1854–1884.
Larson, M., & Luthans, F. (2006). Potential added value of psychological capital in predicting work attitudes. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 13(2), 75-92.
Litwin, G. H., & Stringer, R. A. (1968). Motivation and organizational climate. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(6), 695-706.
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., & Combs, G. M. (2006). Psychological capital development: toward a micro-intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(3), 387-393.
Luthans, F., Avolio, J.B., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007a). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541-572.
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., & Peterson, S. J. (2010). The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 21(1), 41-67.
Luthans, F., Avey J. B., & Patera, J. L. (2008). Experimental analysis of a web-based training intervention to develop positive psychological capital. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 7(2), 209-221.
Luthans, F., Luthans, B. C., & Luthans, K. W. (2021). Organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach fourteenth edition. IAP.
Luthans, F., Luthans, K. W., & Luthans, B. C. (2004). Positive psychological capital: beyond human and social capital. Business Horizons, 47(1), 45-50.
Luthans, F., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2017). Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 339-366.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007b). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. New York: Oxford University Press.
Luthans, K. W., & Jensen, S. M. (2005). The linkage between psychological capital and commitment to organizational mission: A study of nurses. Journal of Nursing Administration, 35(6), 304-310.
Malik, P., & Garg, P. (2017). Learning organization and work engagement: The mediating role of employee resilience. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(8), 1071–1094.
Mohanty, N., & Kolhe, S. M. (2016). Understanding psychological capital: Research perspectives. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(4), 485-494.
Nadiri, H., & Tanova, C. (2010). An investigation of the role of justice in turnover intentions, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior in hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 33-41.
Nakra, R. (2014). Understanding the impact of organizational justice on organizational commitment and projected job stay among employees of the business process outsourcing sector in India. Vision, 18(3), 185-194.
Ngo, T. T. (2021). Impact of psychological capital on job performance and job satisfaction: A case study in Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(5), 495-503.
Nguyen, H. M., & Ngo, T. T. (2020). Psychological capital, organizational commitment and job performance: A case in Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(5), 269-278.
Nolzen, N. (2018). The concept of psychological capital: A comprehensive review. Management Review Quarterly, 68(3), 237-277.
Nunnally, J. C. (1994). Psychometric theory 3E. New York: Tata McGraw-hill education.
Qadeer, F., & Jaffery, H. (2014). Mediation of psychological capital between organizational climate and organizational citizenship behavior. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 8(2), 453-470.
Rego, P., Lopes, M. P., & Nascimento, J. L. (2016). Authentic leadership and organizational commitment: The mediating role of positive psychological capital. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 9(1), 129-151.
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi‐sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 25(3), 293-315.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two-sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71-92.
Spector, P. E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences (Vol. 3). London: Sage.
Spector, P. E. (1985). Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13(6), 693-713.
Schneider, B., Smith, D. B., & Goldstein, H.W. (2000) Attraction-selection-attrition: Toward a person-environment psychology of organizations (1st ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Schneider, B., & Reichers, A. E. (1983). On the etiology of climates. Personnel Psychology, 36(1), 19-39.
Sihag, P., & Sarikwal, L. (2015). Effect of perceived organizational support on psychological capital - A study of IT industries in Indian framework, Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 20(2), 19-26.
Shahnawaz, M. G., & Jafri, M. H. (2009). Psychological capital as predictors of organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviour. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 35, 78–84.
Tenenhaus, M., Vinzi, V., Chatelin, Y., & Lauro, C. (2005). PLS path modeling. Comput. Stat. Data Anal, 48(1), 159-205.
Totawar, A. K., & Nambudiri, R. (2014). How does organizational justice influence job satisfaction and organizational commitment? Explaining with psychological capital. Vikalpa, 39(2), 83-98.
Tsaur, S. H., Hsu, F. S., & Lin, H. (2019). Workplace fun and work engagement in tourism and hospitality: The role of psychological capital. International Journal of Hospitality, 81, 131-140.
Wang, X. Y. (2009). An empirical analysis of the structure and status quo of organizational justice among Chinese employees. Management Review, 9, 39-47.
Wang, Y., Tsai, C. H., Tsai, F. S., Huang, W., & De la Cruz, S. M. (2018). Antecedent and consequences of psychological capital of entrepreneurs. Sustainability, 10(10), 3717.
Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schröder, G., and Van Oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. MIS Quart.
Wu, W. Y., & Nguyen, K. V. H. (2019). The antecedents and consequences of psychological capital: A meta-analytic approach. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(4), 435-456.
Yadav, G., & Kumar, S. (2017). Psychological capital: Moving towards building organizational strength. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(2), 200-202.
Youssef, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2007), Positive organizational behavior in the workplace: the impact of hope, optimism, and resilience, Journal of Management, 33(5), 774-800.
Zhou, W. H. (2019). A trial analysis of the occupational dilemmas and coping strategies of grassroots administrators in private colleges and universities. Journal of Jiangxi Electric Power Vocational and Technical College, 32(6), 71-72.
