Integration of Living a Good Life with the Mindfulness Principles in Theravāda Buddhist Philosophy

Abstract

The purposes of this research were to study how Buddhists live a good life and to describe the principles of mindfulness. The obtained knowledge would then be incorporated into a new model of how to live a good life by following the mindfulness principles of Theravāda Buddhist philosophy. This qualitative research was carried out by studying, collecting, and analyzing information from the Tipitaka, related textbooks, academic documents, and research articles. In addition, in-depth interviews of 14 Buddhists (4 monks, 3 nuns, 5 laymen, and 2 laywomen) were performed. The findings showed that, at the fundamental level, mindfulness played crucial roles in establishing self-vigilance, self-restraint, self-activation, and self-awareness of one’s roles and duty. This enabled Buddhists to live a good life in accordance with principles described in Singalagasutta (i.e. avoiding Kamma-kilesa 4, Agati 4, and Apāyamukha 6 as well as Disā 6). The level of mindfulness could be further developed from the fundamental to intermediate level by applying knowledge from the principle of 3 insobrieties (i.e. age, life, and good health). To enhance this development, 3 mindfulness strengthening exercises and 4 methods of self, mind-control exercise were employed. At the advanced level, the empowered mindfulness was applied to the practice of the Four Foundations of Mindfulness (i.e. Satipatthāna 4). Finally, a UPC model was proposed to aid the understanding and application of mindfulness principles of Theravāda Buddhist philosophy for a good living.