From Layering to Conversion Investigating ASEAN's Gradual Shift in Dealing with Transboundary Haze Pollution (2015-2016)
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Abstract
Since the implementation of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP) in 2003 ASEAN has undergone a gradual institutional change, transitioning from layering to conversion processes. This transformation, observed from 2003 to 2020, entailed the introduction of new elements, the engagement of additional stakeholders, and the adoption of the Haze-Free Roadmap (2016–2020). The strategic framework of the Roadmap reinterpreted AATHP articles to comprehensively address transboundary haze pollution. However, the shift from layering to conversion during 2015-2016 remains a relatively unexplored aspect.
This study utilizes Koreh et al.'s (2019) dynamic theoretical framework of gradual institutional change to shed light on the circumstances and key actors behind ASEAN's transition during the period 2015–2016. Crucial roles were played by ASEAN committees, notably the Sub-Regional Ministerial Steering Committee on Transboundary Haze Pollution in the Mekong Sub-Region (MSC-Mekong), led by Thailand, and the ASEAN Ministers responsible for the environment under the Conference of the Parties to the AATHP (COP). Two pivotal events in 2015, particularly the haze crisis, acted as catalysts prompting change agents to transform ASEAN's institutional framework, culminating in the launch of the Haze-Free Roadmap (2016–2020) in 2016. This transformation amplified their commitment to achieving ASEAN haze-free by 2020 and enhanced cooperation in addressing transboundary haze pollution in the region.
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