Toward A Unified Ticketing System in Thailand: Integrating Financial Logistics and Transportation Through Conceptual Review and Mathematical Modelling
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study introduces a Unified Ticketing System (UTS) as a strategic solution to address inefficiencies in Thailand’s fragmented public transportation network and financial logistics structure. By combining global best practices with detailed local analysis and mathematical modeling, the research develops a comprehensive feasibility roadmap for an integrated fare system. It focuses on vital areas including technical interoperability, equitable financial services, cybersecurity, and robust user adoption. Disjointed fare systems currently increase operational costs, inconvenience commuters, and contribute to environmental degradation. In contrast, a unified approach employing contactless payment technology, centralized data platforms, and inclusive fare models promises to streamline travel experiences, support data-driven planning, and enhance financial oversight. Modeling uncovers significant benefits: a cost-benefit analysis projects a Net Present Value of +77.2 billion THB over ten years with an estimated Return on Investment of 67 percent, indicating strong economic viability. User adoption forecasts predict roughly 10.8 million daily riders within five years, demonstrating widespread public support. Aligning with Thailand’s smart mobility agenda, the study proposes practical strategies such as fostering enhanced public-private partnerships, phased deployments, and coordinated regulatory alignment. Overall, this research offers a clear and actionable roadmap to modernize Thailand’s public transportation, promote digital inclusion, and achieve sustainable urban mobility.
Article Details
References
Adducul, R. (2020). Mobile bus ticketing system: Development and adoption. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2020/2891.32020
Adebiyi, M., Ogundokun, R., Nathus, A. I., & Adeniyi, E. (2021). Smart transit payment for university campus transportation using RFID card system. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 11(5), 4353–4360. https://doi.org/10.11591/IJECE.V11I5.PP4353-4360
Aitzhanova, M., Jangeldinova, M., Kadyr, A., Tuganov, D., El-Thalji, I., & Turkyilmaz,
A. (2021). Smart ticketing system for Kazakhstan public transport: Challenges and the way forward. In 2021 IEEE European Technology and Engineering Management Summit (E-TEMS) (pp. 46–51). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/E-TEMS51171.2021.9524898
Akter, R., Khandaker, M. J. H., Ahmed, S., Mugdho, M. M., & Haque, A. B. (2020). RFID-based smart transportation system with Android application. In 2020 2nd International Conference on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications (ICIMIA) (pp. 614-619). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIMIA48430.2020.9074869
Alhassan, I., Matthews, B., Toner, J., & Susilo, Y. (2022). Examining the effect of integrated ticketing on mode choice for interregional commuting: Studies among car commuters. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 17, 245 - 257. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2022.2029634.
Ali, A., Kim, J., & Lee, S. (2015). Travel behavior analysis using smart card data. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 20(4), 1532–1539.
Ayaragarnchanakul, E., Creutzig, F., Javaid, A., & Puttanapong, N. (2022). Choosing a Mode in Bangkok: Room for Shared Mobility?. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159127.
Badshah, A., Ghani, A., Qureshi, M. A., & Shamshirband, S. (2019). Smart security framework for educational institutions using Internet of Things (IoT). Computational Materials Continum. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2019.06288
Bae, C., & Suthiranart, Y. (2003). Policy options towards a sustainable urban transportation strategy for Bangkok. International Development Planning Review, 25, 31-51. https://doi.org/10.3828/IDPR.25.1.2.
Baldini, G., Barboni, M., Bono, F., Delipetrev, B., Duch Brown, N., Fernandez Macias, E., & Nepelski, D. (2019). Digital transformation in transport, construction, energy, government and public administration. European Commission. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC116179
Bando, Y., Yoh, K., Sou, K., Chou, C., & Doi, K. (2023). AI-Based Evaluation of Streets for People in Bangkok: Perspectives from Walkability and Lingerability. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416884.
Bartin, B., Ozbay, K., & Yang, H. (2018). Evaluation framework for mobile ticketing applications in public transit: A case study. IET Intelligent Transport Systems. https://doi.org/10.1049/IET-ITS.2018.5248
Beijing Transportation Research Center. (2015). Annual report of Beijing's transportation development (in Chinese). Retrieved from http://www.bjtrc.org.cn/JGJS.aspx?id =5.2&Menu=GZCG
Bhatia, S., Goel, A. K., Naib, B. B., Singh, K., Yadav, M., & Saini, A. (2023). Diabetes prediction using machine learning. In 2023 World Conference on Communication & Computing (WCONF) (pp. 1- 6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/WCONF58270.2023.10235187
Bhattacharjee, D., Haider, S., Tanaboriboon, Y., & Sinha, K. (1997). Commuters' attitudes towards travel demand management in Bangkok. Transport Policy, 4, 161-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(97)00004-8. Blythe, P. T. (2004). Improving public transport ticketing through smart cards. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer, 157, 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1680/muen.2004.157.1.47
Blythe, P. (1997). Implementing smart card technology to transform transport payment and customer information. Unpublished manuscript. https://consensus.app/papers/implementing-smart-card-technology-to-transform-blythe/7e21fe9063ec5ecb81ad03efbbc2a6d6/
Blythe, P. (2000). Transforming access to and payment for transport services through the use of smart cards. ITS Journal - Intelligent Transportation Systems Journal, 6, 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/10248070008903682
Bunia, S., Campbell, O., Carvalho, A., & Alluri, V. (2024, April). SCeFSTA: Smart contract enabled fair, secure, and transparent auction for healthcare transportation. 2024 IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/SysCon61195.2024.10553424
Chaisomboon, M., Jomnonkwao, S., & Ratanavaraha, V. (2020). Elderly Users’ Satisfaction with Public Transport in Thailand Using Different Importance Performance Analysis Approaches. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219066.
Chaumette, S., Dubernet, D., Ouoba, J., Siira, E., & Tuikka, T. (2012). Architecture and evaluation of a user-centric NFC-enabled ticketing system for small events. In Mobile Computing, Applications, and Services: Third International Conference, MobiCASE 2011, Los Angeles, CA, USA, October 24–27, 2011. Revised Selected Papers 3 (pp. 137–151). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32320-1_10
Chavan, P., Padwal, A., Pande, Y., Nevase, P., & Gaikwad, M. (2023). Smart Ticketing and Overcrowding Control System for Public Transportation. 2023 IEEE International Conference on ICT in Business Industry & Government (ICTBIG), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTBIG59752.2023.10455761.
Cheng, Y., Fu, Z., & Yu, B. (2018). Improved visual secret sharing scheme for QR code applications. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 13. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2018.2819125
Eken, S., & Sayar, A. (2014). A smart bus tracking system based on location-aware services and QR codes. In 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications (INISTA) Proceedings (pp. 299–303). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/INISTA.2014.6873634
Erdogmus, H., Favaro, J., & Strigel, W. (2004). Return on investment. IEEE Software, 21, 18-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-193183605-0/50009-7.
Faiboun, N., Klungboonkrong, P., Udomsri, R., & Jaensirisak, S. (2024). Empowering Urban Public Transport Planning Process for Medium-Sized Cities in Developing Countries: Innovative Decision Support Framework for Sustainability. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114731.
Farrag, S., Outay, F., Yasar, A., Janssens, D., Kochan, B., & Jabeur, N. (2020). Toward the improvement of traffic incident management systems using Car2X technologies. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 25, 163 - 176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-020-01368-5.
Galang, R. (2012). Government efficiency and international technology adoption: The spread of electronic ticketing among airlines. Journal of International Business Studies, 43, 631–654. https://doi.org/10.1057/JIBS.2012.20
Gooyert, V., Rouwette, E., Kranenburg, H., & Freeman, E. (2017). Reviewing the role of stakeholders in operational research: A stakeholder theory perspective. European Journal of Operational Research, 262(1), 402–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.03.079
Guo, Y., Zhang, Y., & Boulaksil, Y. (2021). Real-time ride-sharing framework with dynamic timeframe and anticipation-based migration. Eur. J. Oper. Res., 288, 810-828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2020.06.038.
Han, Y., Zhang, T., & Wang, M. (2020). Holiday travel behavior analysis and empirical study with Integrated Travel Reservation Information usage. Transportation Research Part A-policy and Practice, 134, 130-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.02.005.
Iamtrakul, P., & Chayphong, S. (2023). Challenges of sustainable mobility: Context of car dependency, suburban areas in Thailand. Geographica Pannonica. https://doi.org/10.5937/gp27-42183.
Iamtrakul, P., Padon, A., & Klaylee, J. (2021). Measuring Spatializing Inequalities of Transport Accessibility and Urban Development Patterns: Focus on Megacity Urbanization, Thailand. Journal of Regional and City Planning. https://doi.org/10.5614/jpwk.2022.33.3.4.
Jiang, S., Ferreira, J., & González, M. C. (2012). Clustering daily patterns of human activities in the city. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 25, 478–510.
Jittrapirom, P., & Jaensirisak, S. (2020). A Review of Thailand’s Transport Master Plan for Regional Cities. International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.8.2_53.
Jomdech, C., Sukhotu, V., & Hengsadeekul, T. (2024). Road network model in Thailand for highly efficient transportation. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i5.6104.
Kazi, S., Bagasrawala, M., Shaikh, F., & Sayyed, A. (2018). Smart e-ticketing system for public transport bus. In 2018 International Conference on Smart City and Emerging Technology (ICSCET) (pp. 1–7). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSCET.2018.8537302
Khumvongsa, K., Guo, J., Theepharaksapan, S., Shirakawa, H., & Tanikawa, H. (2023). Uncovering urban transportation infrastructure expansion and sustainability challenge in Bangkok: Insights from a material stock perspective. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 27, 476 - 490. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13342.
Kulkarni, S., Nagare, K., Amrutkar, H., Siddi, U., & Hibare, Y. (2024). E-Ticketing for Public buses. International Journal of Recent Trends in Multidisciplinary Research. https://doi.org/10.59256/ijrtmr.20240401006.
Kuo, Y., Leung, J., & Yan, Y. (2022). Public transport for smart cities: Recent innovations and future challenges. European Journal of Operational Research, 306, 1001–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2022.06.057
Leonidou, E., Christofi, M., Vrontis, D., & Thrassou, A. (2020). An integrative framework of stakeholder engagement for innovation management and entrepreneurship development. Journal of Business Research, 119, 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.054
Ma, X., Wu, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, F., & Liu, F. (2013). Mining smart card data for transit riders' travel patterns. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 36, 1-12.
Mallat, N., Rossi, M., Tuunainen, V., & Öörni, A. (2006). An empirical investigation of mobile ticketing service adoption in public transportation. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 12, 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-006-0126-z.
Mallat, N., Rossi, M., Tuunainen, V., & Öörni, A. (2006). An empirical investigation of mobile ticketing service adoption in public transportation. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 12, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-006-0126-z
Miller, G. (2022). Stakeholder roles in artificial intelligence projects. Project Leadership and Society. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plas.2022.100068
Mogaji, E., & Nguyen, N. (2024). Evaluating the emergence of contactless digital payment technology for transportation. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123378
Nanayakkara, S., Perera, S., Senaratne, S., Weerasuriya, G., & Bandara, H. (2021). Blockchain and smart contracts: A solution for payment issues in construction supply chains. Informatics, 8(2), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics8020036
Oladimeji, D., Gupta, K., Kose, N. A., Gundogan, K., Ge, L., & Liang, F. (2023). Smart transportation: An overview of technologies and applications. Sensors, 23(8), Article 3880. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083880
Peungnumsai, A., Miyazaki, H., Witayangkurn, A., & Kim, S. (2020). A Grid-Based Spatial Analysis for Detecting Supply–Demand Gaps of Public Transports: A Case Study of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Sustainability, 12, 10382. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410382.
Pita, P., Winyuchakrit, P., & Limmeechokchai, B. (2020). Analysis of factors affecting energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Thailand's road passenger transport. Heliyon, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05112.
Pouloudi, N., Currie, W., & Whitley, E. (2016). Entangled stakeholder roles and perceptions in health information systems: A longitudinal study of the U.K. NHS N3 network. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 17(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00421
Punpuing, S., & Ross, H. (2001). Commuting: The human side of Bangkok's transport problems. Cities, 18, 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(00)00053-6.
Ramaraj, N., Murugan, G., & Regunathan, R. (2024). Neural Network-Powered Conductorless Ticketing for Public Transportation. 2024 4th International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Social Networking (ICPCSN), 236-241. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPCSN62568.2024.00047.
Sayeg, P., Bray, D., & Manopiniwes, C. (2007). Strategic urban transport policy directions for Bangkok., 1-149.
Schwab, B., & Lusztig, P. (1969). A Comparative Analysis of the Net Present Value and the Benefit-Cost Ratio as Measures of the Economic Desirability of Investments. Journal of Finance, 24, 507-516. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1540-6261.1969.TB00369.X.
Shabanpour, R., Golshani, N., Tayarani, M., Auld, J., & Mohammadian, A. (2018). Analysis of telecommuting behavior and impacts on travel demand and the environment. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRD.2018.04.003.
Sharaby, N., & Shiftan, Y. (2012). The impact of fare integration on travel behavior and transit ridership. Transport Policy, 21, 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRANPOL.2012.01.015.
Shivaprakash, H. (2023). Smart e-ticketing and payment system using Wi-Fi for public transport bus. International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem25628
Shropshire, J., Warkentin, M., & Sharma, S. (2015). Personality, attitudes, and intentions: Predicting initial adoption of information security behavior. Comput. Secur., 49, 177-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COSE.2015.01.002.
Siangsuebchart, S., Ninsawat, S., Witayangkurn, A., & Pravinvongvuth, S. (2021). Public Transport GPS Probe and Rail Gate Data for Assessing the Pattern of Human Mobility in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13042178.
Song, H., & Gao, X. (2018). Green supply chain game model and analysis under revenue-sharing contract. Journal of Cleaner Production, 170, 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2017.09.138.
Srinet, P., Short, M., & Dawood, H. (2023). Towards a Smarter City in Bangkok: Exploring the impacts of digital intermodal transport and logistics services. 2023 IEEE Smart World Congress (SWC), 803-808. https://doi.org/10.1109/SWC57546.2023.10449010.
Subramanya, K., Kermanshachi, S., & Pamidimukkala, A. (2022). Evaluation of e-ticketing technology in construction of highway projects: A systematic review of adoption levels, benefits, limitations and strategies. Frontiers in Built Environment, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2022.890024
Suki, J., Pahade, I., Sawant, S., Bhosale, V., & Joshi, P. (2023). Transportation payment by using smart card. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51584
Thanatrakolsri, P., & Sirithian, D. (2024). Assessing the Additional Benefits of Thailand’s Approaches to Reduce Motor Vehicle Emissions. Energies. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102336.
Todd, L., Leask, A., & Ensor, J. (2017). Understanding primary stakeholders' multiple roles in hallmark event tourism management. Tourism Management, 59, 494–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.09.010
Ueasangkomsate, P. (2019). Service quality of public road passenger transport in Thailand. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2019.40.1.05.
Varabuntoonvit, V., Boonyarith, K., Pakornkarn, P., Pichetwanit, P., & Sittipong, W. (2023). Sustainable efficiency indicator for urban transportation: Case study of public bus and rapid transit systems in Bangkok. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 42. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.14154.
Vichiensan, V., Wasuntarasook, V., Hayashi, Y., Kii, M., & Prakayaphun, T. (2021). Urban rail transit in Bangkok: Chronological development review and impact on residential property value. Sustainability, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010284
Witchayaphong, P., Pravinvongvuth, S., Kanitpong, K., Sano, K., & Horpibulsuk, S. (2020). Influential Factors Affecting Travelers’ Mode Choice Behavior on Mass Transit in Bangkok, Thailand. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229522.
Xu, L., Wang, N., & Liu, C. (2010). Security of electronic ticketing. In 2010 International Conference on Computer and Communication Technologies in Agriculture Engineering (Vol. 3, pp. 372–379). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCTAE.2010.5543314
Yadav, M., Singh, K., Thukral, K., Kwatra, S., Barak, D. (2025). Intelligent Electronic Ticketing Platform in Smart Transportation Ecosystem. In: Khang, A. (eds) Driving Green Transportation System Through Artificial Intelligence and Automation. Lecture Notes in Intelligent Transportation and Infrastructure. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72617-0_30
Zhan, Y., Yuan, F., Shi, R., Shi, G., & Dong, C. (2024). PriTKT: A blockchain-enhanced privacy-preserving electronic ticket system for IoT devices. Sensors, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020496
Zhao, J., Zhang, F., Tu, L., Xu, C., Shen, D., Tian, C., & Li, Z. (2016). Estimation of passenger route choice pattern using smart card data for complex metro systems. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 18. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2016.2587864
