PATTERN OF OBSERVING THE UPOSATHA PRECEPTS OF THE TAI ETHNIC GROUP IN MAE SAI DISTRICT, CHIANG RAI PROVINCE.

Abstract

This research aims to: (1) examine the principles and concepts of Uposatha precept observance in Buddhism and among the Tai ethnic group in Mae Sai District, Chiang Rai Province; (2) analyze the practice of Uposatha precepts by the Tai ethnic group in the same region; and (3) develop a model for the observance of Uposatha precepts among this ethnic community. This study employs qualitative research methods, including documentary research, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions with key informants, and participatory observation.

Regarding the first objective, the principles of Uposatha precept observance in Buddhism are found in the Vinaya Pitaka, Mahavagga, Uposatha Khandhaka. The origins of this practice can be traced to the time when the Buddha permitted the monastic community to convene and deliver Dhamma talks on significant lunar days—namely, the 8th waxing, 8th waning, 14^th waning, and 15^th waxing days of the lunar fortnight. This practice emerged as a response to gatherings held by ascetics and followers of other sects, which attracted laypeople and inspired faith. King Bimbisara observed that if the Buddha’s disciples were to similarly assemble and deliver teachings on these days, it would greatly benefit the Buddhist religion.

In relation to the second objective, the analysis of Uposatha precept observance among the Tai ethnic group reveals that the Tai Yai (Shan) people adhere to Buddhism alongside the worship of local deities and guardian spirits. These belief systems are closely intertwined, as evidenced by the presence of both temples and spirit houses in their communities. The Tai Yai also observe twelve traditional festivals throughout the year, each associated with Buddhist temple activities, reflecting their deep-rooted Buddhist faith. Moreover, the Tai Yai maintain a strong belief in the afterlife, actively engage in merit-making and charitable acts, and place significant importance on religious traditions with the belief that such practices lead to rebirth in heaven.

With respect to the third objective, the development of a model for Uposatha precept observance among the Tai ethnic group shows that the community practices the Eight Precepts during the Buddhist Lent in a form known as Pakati Uposatha, which spans one day and one night. This observance typically takes place on lunar holy days such as the 8th waxing or waning, the 15th waxing, or the 14th waning days—essentially, the Buddhist observance days (Wan Phra). The similarities and differences between the Uposatha precepts and the Eight Precepts are as follows: (1) both sets consist of the same eight moral restraints; (2) the recitation of the precepts differs in format; (3) Uposatha precepts are observed only on Wan Phra, while the Eight Precepts may be undertaken on any day; and (4) Uposatha observance lasts exactly 24 hours (one day and one night), whereas the Eight Precepts have no fixed duration. Individuals within the Tai ethnic group who observe the Uposatha precepts are respectfully referred to as Phor Sila (Father of Precepts) and Mae Sila (Mother of Precepts).