Stress Experienced by Homeschooled Students on University Admission: A Qualitative Study. (English)
Keywords:
Stress, Homeschooling, University Admission, Counseling PsychologyAbstract
This research aims to study the perspectives and characteristics of stress experienced by homeschooled students regarding university admission. This includes exploring how family, tutors, and peers can support and reduce stress in homeschooled students. The research is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach, collecting data through in-depth interviews. The informants consisted of 5 individuals, including 2 males and 3 females, selected through purposive and snowball sampling. The informants were aged 20-23 and had completed high school or its equivalent through homeschooling. They had also experienced preparation for university admission in the past 4 years. The data analysis revealed that the informants had overall stress levels similar to those of regular students, but with additional stress from a lack of understanding of the homeschooling education system. Environmental factors influencing stress during university admission included peer support, which played a role in alleviating stress through encouragement; family support, which helped ease stress in various ways; tutors’ support, which provided help with academic assistance; and personal factors, which contributed to stress relief through hobbies. Homeschooling allowed for more free time and flexibility in scheduling study and rest periods. However, the informants lacked of comparison with their peers' academic performance, which could help assess their potential.
References
Abrom, A. W. C. (2009). Pennsylvania's superintendents: Current thoughts on the state of homeschooling (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Chester, PA: Widener University.
Adkins, Jennifer Howard, "Investigating Emotional Intelligence and Social Skills in Home Schooled Students" (2004). Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 1109. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1109
Buelens, D. B. M., Fontaine, J., Vanderheyden, K. (2005). The prediction of stress by values and value conflict. The journal of psychology, 139(4), 369 – 382. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.139.4.369-384
Bullock, H. J.; Alexander, M. P.; & Penkalsky, I. L. (2016). “Everybody’s Homeschooled Differently” - A pilot qualitative study of the lived experience of homeschooled college students. Honors Research Projects, 296. http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/296
Cameron, J., & Pierce, W. D. (1994). Reinforcement, reward, and intrinsic motivation: A meta-analysis. Review of educational research, 64(3), 363 – 423. https://doi.org/10.2307/1170677
Chauhan, H., & Dutt, S. (2023). Parenting styles as correlates of academic anxiety among adolescents. International journal of Indian psychology, 11(2), 1990 – 2004. https://doi.org/10.25215/1102.201
Chemers, M. M., Hu, L.-t., & Garcia, B. F. (2001). Academic self-efficacy and first year college student performance and adjustment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.93.1.55
Cherniak, A. D., Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Granqvist, P. (2021). Attachment theory and religion, Current opinion in psychology, 40, 126 – 130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.020
Crockett, E. E., Pollmann, M. M., & Olvera, A. P. (2022). You just don’t get it: The impact of misunderstanding on psychological and physiological health. Journal of social and personal relationships, 39(9), 2847 – 2868. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075221089903
Crutona, C. E. (1990). Stress and social support—in search of optimal matching. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 9(1), 3 – 14. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1990.9.1.3
Diel, K., Hofmann, W., Grelle, S., Boecker, L., Friese, M. (2024). Prepare to compare: Effects of an intervention involving upward and downward social comparisons on goal pursuit in daily life. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 1 – 15. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672231219378
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Eight stages of man. Childhood and society (1st ed., pp. 219 – 234).
Norton Company.
Ern, L. Y., Ziyamdeen, F. S. M., Zeidi, S. M., Tamilselvan, N., & Mohan, V. W. (2019). The effect of positive and negative reinforcement on stress, anxiety, confidence, mood and short term memory among medical students. Journal of social sciences and humanities, 5(3),
– 116. http://www.publicscienceframework.org/journal/paperInfo/jssh?paperId=4376
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7,
–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
Green, C. L., & Hoover-Dempsey, K. V. (2007). Why do parents homeschool ?: A systematic examination of parental involvement. Education and urban society, 39(2), 264 – 285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124506294862
Green, Z. A., Faizi, F., Jalal, R., & Zadran, Z. (2021). Emotional support received moderates academic stress and mental well-being in a sample of Afghan university students amid COVID-19. International journal of social psychiatry, 1 – 8.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640211057729
Guterman, O., & Neuman, A. (2016). School and emotional and behavioral problems: A comparison of school-going and homeschooled children. The Journal of Educational Research, 110(4), 425-432. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2015.1116055
Haque, S. (2023, May 1). Why a formal education is important vs. home schooling. Linkedin. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-formal-education-important-vs-home-schooling-suhail-haque/
Harper, A., & Brewer, T. L. (2021). Homeschool-based cognitive behavioral program to improve adolescent mental health. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 35(2), 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12364
Hoferichter, F., & Raufelder, D. (2021). Kann erlebte Unterstützung durch Lehrkräfte schulische Erschöpfung und Stress bei Schülerinnen und Schülern abfedern? Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie, 36(1 – 2), 101 – 114.
https://doi.org/10.1024/1010-0652/a000322
Inphrom, P. (2005). Stress among Mathayom Suksa sixth students in admission to university in Bangkok. http://cuir.car.chula.ac.th/handle/123456789/71446
Juster, R.–P., & Misiak, B. (2023). Advancing the allostatic load model: From theory to therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 154, 1 – 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106289
Kaewkaewpan, W. (2020). The study of stress of teenage students studying in the Mathayomsuksa 6 of school under secondary educational service area office 10 in Samut Songkhram province. Journal of education Burapha University, 32(2), 13 – 28.
https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/edubuu/article/view/251319
Khammeun, C., Wornyingyong, A. & Lohsunthorn, W. (2013). Prevalence and factors related to stress among Mathayom 6 students at a school in Buriram, Thammasat Medical Journal, 16(4), 642 – 649.
Kliewer, L. (2019). Perceived barriers of homeschooled students moving into higher education: Case stories and qualitative perspectives [Doctoral dissertation, Minnesota State University, Mankato]. Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds/959/
Korhan, M. M., Engin. E., & Guloglu, B. (2021). Test anxiety of youth to take the university entrance exam through COVID-19 outbreak: cognitive flexibility and self-regulation. International journal of educational research, 12(5), 212 – 231. https://doi.org/10.19160/3-ijer.1009653
Krasnova, H., Widjaja, T., Buxmann, P., Wenninger, H., & Benbasat, I. (2015). Why following friends can hurt you: An exploratory investigation of the effects of envy on social networking sites among college-age users. Information systems research, 26(3), 585 – 605. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2015.0588
Kristensen, S. M., Larsen, T. M. B., Urke, H. B., & Danielsen, A. G. (2023). Academic stress, academic self-efficacy, and psychological distress: A moderated mediation of within-person effects. Journal of youth and adolescence, 52(7), 1512 – 1529.
https://10.1007/s10964-023-01770-1
Kristina, L., & Katerina, P. (2022). Parental engagement: why parents in Russia choose homeschooling and what problems they have to solve. Journal of school choice, 16(2), 191 – 209. https:/doi.org/10.1080/15582159.2021.2018785
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). The stress concept in the life sciences. Stress, appraisal and coping (1st ed., pp. 1 – 21). Springer Publishing Company
Li, Y., & Wang, S. (2023). "Comparisons are Odious"? - Exploring the dual effect of upward social comparison on workplace coping behaviors of temporary agency workers. Psychology research and behavior management, 16, 4251 – 4265. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S425946
Loades, M. E., Chaburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds. S., Shafran, R., & Crawley, E. (2020). Rapid systematic review: The impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Advance online publication, 59(11), 1218-1239e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009
Marshall, P., & Rinomhota, A. S. (2000). Stress, the individual mental health. Biological aspects of mental health nursing (2nd ed., pp. 165 – 182). New York: Harcout Publish Limited.
McKinzie, C., Altamura, V., Burgoon, E., & Bishop, C. (2006). Exploring the effect of stress on mood, self – esteem, and daily habits with psychology graduate students. Psychological report, 99, 439 – 448. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.99.2.439-448
Mendonça, A., & Miguel, J. (2021). Factors influencing the choice of higher education institutions in Angola. International journal of educational administration and policy studies, 13(1), https://doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS2020.0680
Merill, M. L. T. (2023). The Experiences of Homeschooled Students in Northern California in Relation to Societal Stigmas Surrounding Homeschooling, 1990 – 2010 [Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Mankato]. Harvard University ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2023. 30418438.
Nor, A. I. (2018). Factors contributing to the students’ choice of university: a case study of Somali national university. Imperial journal of interdisciplinary research, 4(1), 49 – 55.
Office of the Basic Education Commission (2019). บ้านเรียน HOME SCHOOL แนวทางการดำเนินงานการจัดการศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐาน.
Office of the Basic Education Commission (2005). National education act B.E. 2452. Office of Royal Council. https://www.krisdika.go.th/librarian/get?sysid=632555&ext=htm
Palirat K, Pityaratstian N. (2015). Stress in high school students in Bangkok being tutored for national admission examination. Chulalongkorn medical journal, 59(4): 445 – 455. http://clmjournal.org/_fileupload/journal/18-9.pdf
Rabby, R., Islam, S., Orthy, M. T., Jami, A. T., & Hasan, M. T. (2023). Depression symptoms, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate entrance admission seeking students in Bangladesh: a cross – sectional study. Frontiers in public health, 11, 1 – 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1136557
Ruch, W., & Proyer, R. T. (2008). The fear of being laughed at: Individual and group differences in Gelotophobia. Humor, 21(1), 47 – 67. https://doi.org/10.1515/HUMOR.2008.002
Salvo, A. J. F. (2018). A Phenomenological Investigation of Homeschooling and the Social Behavior and Peer Relations of Homeschooled College Students (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Lynchburg, VA: Liberty University.
Serdiuk, L., Danyliuk, I., & Chaika, G. (2018). Personal autonomy as a key factor of human self-determination. Social welfare: Interdisciplinary approach, 8(1), 85 – 93. https://doi.org/10.21277/sw.v1i8.357.
Shilpa, S., Premakala, A. V., Kunnath, A., Babu, A., & Joseph, A. (2019). Parental expectation and level of stress among adolescents. International journal of neurological nursing, 5(2), 183 – 197. https://doi.org/10.37628/ijnn.v5i2.11949
Srisontisuk, S. Buasri, M. Wanong, P, & Sengonkeo, P. (2020). Factors affecting the decision on bachelor’s degree study at Khon Kaen university of the students through the Thai University Central Admission System (TCAS System), in the academic year 2019, School of administrative studies academic journal, 3(3), 33 – 47. https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/SASAJ/article/view/241605/168142
Srivastava, S., Upadhaya, P., & Jain, R. (2023). Listen to the heart or mond first? Examining sequential coping mechanisms among Indians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1 – 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1104973
Stangor, C., Jhangiani, R., & Tarry, H. (2015). Principles of social psychology [eBook edition]. Open textbooks for Hong Kong. https://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/16000
Stansfeld, S. A., Fuhrer, R., Head, J., Ferrie, J., & Shipley, M. (1997). Work and psychiatric disorder in the Whitehall II study. Journal of psychosomatic research, 43(1), 73 – 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(97)00001-9
Sidharth, G. (2023). University entrance examination stressors in high school students: an empirical study. International journal for research in education, 12(1), 1 – 16. https://www.raijmr.com/ijre/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/iJre_2023_vol12_
issue_01_01.pdf
Tanakornnuwat, P. (2022). Stress of grade 6 students to take the university entrance exam in 2023 (TCAS 66). The journal of institute of trainer monk development, 5(4), 52 – 59.
The Active Thai PBS (2023, January 9). สภาการศึกษาฯ เผย 10 ปีที่ผ่านมา พบ ‘บ้านเรียน’ เพิ่มขึ้นกว่า 20 %. https://theactive.net/news/learning-education-20230109/
Thomsen, A. H., Compas, B. E., Colletti, R. B., Stanger, C., Boyer, M. C., & Konik, B. S. (2002). Parent reports of coping and stress responses in children with recurrent abdominal pain, Journal of pediatric psychology, 27(3), 215 – 226. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/27.3.215
Todaro, J. (2016). The role of religion as a protective factor for worry. Journal of interpersonal relations, intergroup relations and identity, 9, 65 – 75. https://www.jiriri.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/V9_A6.pdf
Urattanamanee, S. & Lerdsamran, S. (2017). Stress, Anxiety and depression of high school manager in preparation for university admission, Journal of psychiatric of nursing and mental health, 31(2), 78 – 94. https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JPNMH/article/view/105144/83575
Wen, X. (2023). Analysis on the advantages and disadvantages of home-schooling. LNEP(14), 79-83. DOI: 10.54254/2753-7048/14/20230949.
World Health Organization. (2023, February 21). Stress. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/stress
Vijayakumar, P., & Lawrence, A. (2021). Homeschooling: A Paradigm shift during COVID-19 Crisis. International Journal Of Advance Research And Innovative Ideas In Education, 7, 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349477381_HOMESCHOOLING_A_PARADIGM_SHIFT_DURING_COVID-19_CRISIS
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Kasetsart Educational Review

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
บทความทุกบทความเป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวารสารคณะศึกษาศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์ วิทยาเขตบางเขน
วารสารศึกษาศาสตร์ปริทัศน์ (Kasetsart Educational Review)