A Study of Campground Business Model Under the Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) Economy Framework

Abstract

This article aims to analyze the key components of campground business models that align with the Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) Economy framework and to design appropriate management guidelines for sustainable resource utilization at the community level. It further proposes a foundational innovation model derived from integrating campground business practices with the principles of the BCG Economy. The study employed qualitative content analysis based on document reviews, case studies, and in-depth interviews. The analytical process followed the framework proposed by Miles et al. (2019) and was conducted in three stages: data reduction through coding and categorization based on the BCG and Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) frameworks; data display using comparative matrix tables; and conclusion drawing and verification through methodological triangulation and expert validation to ensure credibility and contextual relevance. The findings revealed that many campground operators currently lack a systematic and practically applicable business model aligned with the BCG Economy, which limits sustainability and competitive capacity. The study identified a foundational innovation model for successful and sustainable campground businesses consisting of five key dimensions: 1) digital technology, such as contactless payment systems; 2) renewable energy and green technology, particularly the use of solar energy for electricity generation; 3) creative facility design, including smart tents with climate control operated via smartphones; 4) user experience–focused services, such as experiential activities including hiking, stargazing, and outdoor cooking; and 5) the application of contemporary concepts, including glamping (glamorous camping) and eco-friendly camping. The model emphasizes the pivotal role of local communities in developing ecotourism attractions and promoting sustainable environmental practices that generate positive economic and environmental impacts. The study culminates in the proposed BCG Campground Business Model, which offers a concrete and innovative framework reflecting the potential for sustainable campground business management within the green economy context.